The Lancet Healthy, L. Older people and political instability. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021;2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00210-5.

Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, Cooley LA, Dean NC, Fine MJ, Flanders SA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200:e45-67. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health, O. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. 2008.

Welte T, Torres A, Nathwani D. Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax. 2012;67:71–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.129502.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ghia CJ, Dhar R, Koul PA, Rambhad G, Fletcher MA. Streptococcus pneumoniae as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia in Indian adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med. 2019;13:1179548419862790. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179548419862790.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Said MA, Johnson HL, Nonyane BA, Deloria-Knoll M, O’Brien KL, Andreo F, Beovic B, Blanco S, Boersma WG, Boulware DR, et al. Estimating the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic techniques. PLoS One. 2013;8:e60273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060273.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Musher DM, Abers MS, Bartlett JG. Evolving understanding of the causes of pneumonia in adults, with special attention to the role of pneumococcus. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:1736–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix549.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grant LR, Begier E, Theilacker C, Barry R, Hall-Murray C, Yan Q, Pope V, Pride MW, Jodar L, Gessner BD. Multicountry review of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution among adults with community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 2024;229:282–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiad379.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yin JK, Jayasinghe SH, Charles PG, King C, Chiu CK, Menzies RI, McIntyre PB. Determining the contribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae to community-acquired pneumonia in Australia. Med J Aust. 2017;207:396–400. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja16.01102.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feldman C, Anderson R. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;37:806–18. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1592074.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rozenbaum MH, Pechlivanoglou P, van der Werf TS, Lo-Ten-Foe JR, Postma MJ, Hak E. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis: Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2013;32:305–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-012-1778-4.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7:177–88.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

IMF World Economic Outlook. Available online: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO. Accessed 11.8.2024.

Human Development Reports. Available online: https://hdr.undp.org/. Accessed 11.8.2024.

Cillóniz C, Polverino E, Ewig S, Aliberti S, Gabarrús A, Menéndez R, Mensa J, Blasi F, Torres A. Impact of age and comorbidity on cause and outcome in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2013;144:999–1007. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-0062.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Terraneo S, Polverino E, Cilloniz C, Amaro R, del Carmen Vennera M, Gabarrus A, Montull B, Moreno E, Menendez R, Centanni S, et al. Severity and outcomes of community acquired pneumonia in asthmatic patients. Respir Med. 2014;108:1713–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2014.09.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ishiguro T, Takayanagi N, Yamaguchi S, Yamakawa H, Nakamoto K, Takaku Y, Miyahara Y, Kagiyama N, Kurashima K, Yanagisawa T, et al. Etiology and factors contributing to the severity and mortality of community-acquired pneumonia. Intern Med. 2013;52:317–24. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.52.8830.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khawaja A, Zubairi AB, Durrani FK, Zafar A. Etiology and outcome of severe community acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-94.

Article  Google Scholar 

Spoorenberg SM, Bos WJ, Heijligenberg R, Voorn PG, Grutters JC, Rijkers GT, van de Garde EM. Microbial aetiology, outcomes, and costs of hospitalisation for community-acquired pneumonia; an observational analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-335.

Article  Google Scholar 

Molinos L, Zalacain R, Menendez R, Reyes S, Capelastegui A, Cilloniz C, Rajas O, Borderias L, Martin-Villasclaras JJ, Bello S, et al. Sensitivity, specificity, and positivity predictors of the pneumococcal urinary antigen test in community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12:1482–9. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201505-304OC.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herrera-Lara S, Fernández-Fabrellas E, Cervera-Juan Á, Blanquer-Olivas R. Do seasonal changes and climate influence the etiology of community acquired pneumonia? Arch Bronconeumol. 2013;49:140–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2013.02.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumagai S, Ishida T, Tachibana H, Ito A, Ito Y, Hashimoto T. Polybacterial aetiology and outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20:129-U198. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.15.0353.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yoo KH, Yoo CG, Kim SK, Jung JY, Lee MG, Uh ST, Shim TS, Jeon K, Shim JJ, Lee HB, et al. Economic burden and epidemiology of pneumonia in Korean adults aged over 50 years. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28:888–95. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2013.28.6.888.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Holter JC, Müller F, Bjørang O, Samdal HH, Marthinsen JB, Jenum PA, Ueland T, Frøland SS, Aukrust P, Husebye E, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia and diagnostic yields of microbiological methods: a 3-year prospective study in Norway. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15. doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-0803-5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kim B, Kim J, Jo YH, Lee JH, Hwang JE, Park MJ, Lee S. Prognostic value of pneumococcal urinary antigen test in community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0200620. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200620.

Daniel P, Rodrigo C, Bewick T, Sheppard C, Greenwood S, McKeever TM, Slack M, Lim WS. Increased incidence of adult pneumococcal pneumonia during school holiday periods. ERS Monogr. 2017;3. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00100-2016.

Bjarnason A, Westin J, Lindh M, Andersson LM, Kristinsson KG, Löve A, Baldursson O, Gottfredsson M. Incidence, etiology, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5:ofy010. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy010.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Çilli A, Sayıner A, Çelenk B, Şakar Coşkun A, Kılınç O, Hazar A, Aktaş Samur A, Taşbakan S, Waterer GW, Havlucu Y, et al. Antibiotic treatment outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia. Turk J Med Sci. 2018;48:730–6. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1709-144.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Siow WT, Koay ESC, Lee CK, Lee HK, Ong V, Ngerng WJ, Lim HF, Tan A, Tang JWT, Phua J. The use of polymerase chain reaction amplification for the detection of viruses and bacteria in severe community-acquired pneumonia. Respiration. 2016;92:286–94. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448555.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gross AE, Van Schooneveld TC, Olsen KM, Rupp ME, Bui TH, Forsung E, Kalil AC. Epidemiology and predictors of multidrug-resistant community-acquired and health care-associated pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:5262–8. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.02582-14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shindo Y, Ito R, Kobayashi D, Ando M, Ichikawa M, Shiraki A, Goto Y, Fukui Y, Iwaki M, Okumura J, et al. Risk factors for drug-resistant pathogens in community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188:985–95. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201301-0079OC.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

LeBlanc JJ, ElSherif M, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Li L, Ambrose A, Hatchette TF, Lang AL, Gillis H, Martin I, et al. Burden of vaccine-preventable pneumococcal disease in hospitalized adults: a Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Serious Outcomes Surveillance (SOS) network study. Vaccine. 2017;35:3647–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.049.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

LeBlanc J, ElSherif M, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Ambrose A, Hatchette TF, Lang AL, Gillis HD, Martin I, Demczuk WH, et al. Age-stratified burden of pneumococcal community acquired pneumonia in hospitalised Canadian adults from 2010 to 2015. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020;7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000550.

LeBlanc JJ, ElSherif M, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Ambrose A, Hatchette TF, Lang ALS, Gillis HD, Martin I, Demczuk WHB, et al. Recalibrated estimates of non-bacteremic and bacteremic pneumococcal community acquired pneumonia in hospitalized Canadian adults from 2010 to 2017 with addition of an extended spectrum serotype-specific urine antigen detection assay. Vaccine. 2022;40:2635–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.081.

Article