Taylor PN, Albrecht D, Scholz A, Gutierrez-Buey G, Lazarus JH, Dayan CM, Okosieme OE. Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14:301–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

LeFevre ML: Screening for thyroid dysfunction: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:641–650.

Biondi B, Cappola AR, Cooper DS. Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Review Jama. 2019;322:153–60.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetologia. 2016;59:1121–1140.

Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Powell EE, Wong VW, Rinella M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet. 2021;397:2212–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Association CM, House CMJP. Practice CSoG, Association EBoCJoGPoCM, Disease EGoGfPCoES: Guideline for primary care of hypothyroidism. Chinese Journal of General Practitioners. 2019;2019:1022–8.

Google Scholar 

Mavromati M, Jornayvaz FR. Hypothyroidism-Associated Dyslipidemia: Potential Molecular Mechanisms Leading to NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:12797.

Bano A, Chaker L, Plompen EP, Hofman A, Dehghan A, Franco OH, Janssen HL, Darwish Murad S, Peeters RP. Thyroid Function and the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Rotterdam Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:3204–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeng X, Li B, Zou Y. The relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100:e25738.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo Z, Li M, Han B, Qi X. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with thyroid function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50:1153–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Nascimbeni F, Lonardo A, Zoppini G, Bonora E, Mantzoros CS, Targher G. Association Between Primary Hypothyroidism and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid. 2018;28:1270–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ludwig U, Holzner D, Denzer C, Greinert A, Haenle MM, Oeztuerk S, Koenig W, Boehm BO, Mason RA, Kratzer W, Graeter T. Subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study of a random population sample aged 18 to 65 years. BMC Endocr Disord. 2015;15:41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qiu S, Cao P, Guo Y, Lu H, Hu Y. Exploring the Causality Between Hypothyroidism and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:643582.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim D, Vazquez-Montesino LM, Escober JA, Fernandes CT, Cholankeril G, Loomba R, Harrison SA, Younossi ZM, Ahmed A. Low Thyroid Function in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is an Independent Predictor of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115:1496–504.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee KW, Bang KB, Rhee EJ, Kwon HJ, Lee MY, Cho YK. Impact of hypothyroidism on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A 4-year retrospective cohort study. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2015;21:372–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martínez Escudé A, Pera G, Arteaga I, Expósito C, Rodríguez L, Torán P, Caballeria L. Relationship between hypothyroidism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Spanish population. Med Clin (Barc). 2020;154:1–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang S, Xia D, Fan H, Liu Z, Chen R, Suo C, Zhang T. Low thyroid function is associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. JGH Open. 2024;8:e13038.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen YL, Tian S, Wu J, Li H, Li S, Xu Z, Liang XY, Adhikari VP, Xiao J, Song JY, et al. Impact of Thyroid Function on the Prevalence and Mortality of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108:e434–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

R M, R M, S R, Ganga R: To Assess Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Clinical and Subclinical Hypothyroidism. J Assoc Physicians India. 2023;71:1.

Xu L, Ma H, Miao M, Li Y. Impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective case-control study. J Hepatol. 2012;57:1153–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung GE, Kim D, Kim W, Yim JY, Park MJ, Kim YJ, Yoon JH, Lee HS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease across the spectrum of hypothyroidism. J Hepatol. 2012;57:150–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan H, Li L, Liu Z, Zhang P, Wu S, Han X, Chen X, Suo C, Cao L, Zhang T. Low thyroid function is associated with an increased risk of advanced fibrosis in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2023;23:3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel R, Dave C, Mehta S, Mendpara H, Shukla R, Bajpai A. Metabolic Impact of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Obese Children and Adolescents. Indian J Pediatr. 2021;88:437–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loosen SH, Demir M, Kostev K, Luedde T, Roderburg C. Incidences of hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis are increased in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;33:e1008–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wen Y, Zhang H, Yang N, Gao X, Chen Z, Liu J, Wang G. Serum IL-27 levels increase in subjects with hypothyroidism and are negatively correlated with the occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1173826.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaruvongvanich V, Sanguankeo A, Upala S. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Not Associated with Thyroid Hormone Levels and Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6:208–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuan J, Zhang J, Luo Q, Peng L. Effects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on sarcopenia: evidence from genetic methods. Sci Rep. 2024;14:2709.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun X, Liu Z, Chen F, Du T. Sarcopenia modifies the associations of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among older adults. Sci Rep. 2021;11:15647.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Szlejf C, Suemoto CK, Janovsky C, Barreto SM, Diniz M, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM. Thyroid Function and Sarcopenia: Results from the ELSA-Brasil Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68:1545–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wei J, Hou S, Hei P, Wang G. Thyroid dysfunction and sarcopenia: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1378757.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu R, Li YY, Xu H. Mendelian randomization analysis reveals no causal relationship between thyroid function and sarcopenia-related traits. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1406165.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tarantino G, Sinatti G, Citro V, Santini SJ, Balsano C. Sarcopenia, a condition shared by various diseases: can we alleviate or delay the progression? Intern Emerg Med. 2023;18:1887–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hatziagelaki E, Paschou SA, Schön M, Psaltopoulou T, Roden M. NAFLD and thyroid function: pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2022;33:755–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedman SL, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Rinella M, Sanyal AJ. Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies. Nat Med. 2018;24:908–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central