Bahu MJ, Trentacosta N, Vorys GC, Covey AS, Ahmad CS (2008) Multidirectional Instability: Evaluation and Treatment Options. Clin Sports Med 27:671–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2008.07.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bergin D (2009) Imaging Shoulder Instability in the Athlete. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North. Am, Bd. 17, S 595–615 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mric.2009.06.002

Book  Google Scholar 

Bigliani LU, Kelkar R, Flatow EL, Pollock RG, Mow VC (1996) Glenohumeral Stability: Biomechanical Properties of Passive and Active Stabilizers. Clin Orthop Relat. Res, Bd. 330, S 13–30 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199609000-00003

Book  Google Scholar 

Bitter NL, Clisby EF, Jones MA, Magarey ME, Jaberzadeh S, Sandow MJ (2007) Relative contributions of infraspinatus and deltoid during external rotation in healthy shoulders. J Shoulder Elb Surg 16:563–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2006.11.007

Article  Google Scholar 

Burkhead WZ, Rockwood CA (1992) Treatment of instability of the shoulder with an exercise program. J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol 74:890–896

Article  Google Scholar 

Coudane H, Walch G, Sebesta A (2000) Chronic anterior instability of the shoulder in adults. Methodology. Rev Chir Orthop reparatrice l’Appar Mot 86 Suppl 1:94–5

Google Scholar 

Danzinger V, Schulz E, Moroder P (2019) Epidemiology of functional shoulder instability: an online survey. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 20:281. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2563-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Donnellan CP, Scott MA, Antoun M, Wallace WA (2012) Physiotherapy and Botulinum Toxin Injections Prior to Stabilization Surgery for Recurrent Atraumatic Anteroinferior Shoulder Dislocation with Abnormal Muscle Patterning. Shoulder. Elb, Bd. 4, S 287–290 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5740.2012.00200.x

Book  Google Scholar 

Elhassan B (2014) Pectoralis Major Transfer for the Management of Scapula Winging Secondary to Serratus Anterior Injury or Paralysis. J Hand Surg 39:353–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.11.016

Article  Google Scholar 

Elhassan BT, Dang KH, Huynh TM, Harstad C, Best MJ (2022) Outcome of arthroscopic pectoralis minor release and scapulopexy for the management of scapulothoracic abnormal motion. J Shoulder Elb Surg 31:1208–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2021.10.046

Article  Google Scholar 

Elhassan BT, Wagner ER (2015) Outcome of transfer of the sternal head of the pectoralis major with its bone insertion to the scapula to manage scapular winging. J Shoulder Elb Surg 24:733–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2014.08.022

Article  Google Scholar 

Gagey OJ, Gagey N (2001) The hyperabduction test. J Bone Jt Surg Br Vol 83:69–74. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.83b1.10628

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gedik CC, Eren İ, Demirhan M, Elhassan B (2024) A comprehensive review of scapulothoracic abnormal motion (STAM): evaluation, classification, and treatment strategies. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 58:187–195. https://doi.org/10.5152/j.aott.2024.24066

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gerber C (2002) Classification of glenohumeral joint instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res: 65–76

Goel DP, Romanowski JR, Shi LL, Warner JJP (2014) Scapulothoracic fusion: outcomes and complications. J Shoulder Elb Surg 23:542–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2013.08.009

Article  Google Scholar 

Guerrero P, Busconi B, Deangelis N, Powers G (2009) Congenital instability of the shoulder joint: assessment and treatment options. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 39:124–134. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2860

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hegedus EJ, Goode A, Campbell S, Morin A, Tamaddoni M, Moorman CT, Cook C (2008) Physical examination tests of the shoulder: a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests. Br J Sports Med 42:80. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.038406

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ito N, Kondo M, Suzuki R, Iwasaki K (1996) Atraumatic loose shoulder: the treatment by pectoralis major muscle transfer. Ann Chir Gynaecol 85:139–148

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaggi A, Alexander S (2017) Rehabilitation for Shoulder Instability—Current Approaches. Open Orthop J 11:957–971. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874325001711010957

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jaggi A, Herbert RD, Alexander S, Majed A, Butt D, Higgs D, Rudge W, Ginn KA (2023) Arthroscopic capsular shift surgery in patients with atraumatic shoulder joint instability: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 57:1484–1489. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106596

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaggi A, Lambert S (2010) Rehabilitation for shoulder instability. Br J Sports Med 44:333. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.059311

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaggi A, Noorani A, Malone A, Cowan J, Lambert S, Bayley I (2012) Muscle activation patterns in patients with recurrent shoulder instability. Int J Shoulder Surg 6:101–107. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6042.106221

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kibler WB, McMullen J (2003) Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder pain. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 11:142–151. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-200303000-00008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kibler WB, Sciascia A (2016) The role of the scapula in preventing and treating shoulder instability. Knee Surg 24:390–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3736-z

Article  Google Scholar 

Kibler WB, Sciascia A (2019) Evaluation and Management of Scapular Dyskinesis in Overhead Athletes. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 12:515–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-019-09591-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim S‑H, Park J‑C, Park J‑S, Oh I (2004) Painful Jerk Test. Am J Sports Med 32:1849–1855. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504265263

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim S‑H, Park J‑S, Jeong W‑K, Shin S‑K (2005) The Kim test. Sports Med 33:1188–1192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504272687

Article  Google Scholar 

Lemon TI (2013) Use of botox injection as a bridge in pediatric recurrent shoulder dislocations. APSP J Case Rep 4:46

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lewis A, Kitamura T, Bayley JIL (2004) (ii) The classification of shoulder instability: new light through old windows! Curr Orthop 18:97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cuor.2004.04.002

Article  Google Scholar 

Lo IKY, Nonweiler B, Woolfrey M, Litchfield R, Kirkley A (2004) An Evaluation of the Apprehension, Relocation, and Surprise Tests for Anterior Shoulder Instability. Am J Sports Med 32:301–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399703258690

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moroder P, Danzinger V, Maziak N, Plachel F, Pauly S, Scheibel M, Minkus M (2020) Characteristics of functional shoulder instability. J Shoulder Elb Surg 29:68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2019.05.025

Article  Google Scholar 

Moroder P, Karpinski K, Akgün D, Danzinger V, Gerhardt C, Patzer T, Tauber M, Wellmann M, Scheibel M, Boileau P, Lambert S, Porcellini G, Audige L (2023) Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation—Enhanced Physical Therapist Intervention for Functional Posterior Shoulder Instability (Type B1): A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Phys Ther 104:pzad145. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzad145

Moroder P, Minkus M, Böhm E, Danzinger V, Gerhardt C, Scheibel M (2017) Use of shoulder pacemaker for treatment of functional shoulder instability. Obere Extrem 12:103–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11678-017-0399-z

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moroder P, Plachel F, Van-Vliet H, Adamczewski C, Danzinger V (2020) Shoulder-Pacemaker Treatment Concept for Posterior Positional Functional Shoulder Instability: A Prospective Clinical Trial. Am J Sports Med 48:2097–2104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520933841

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Papilion JA, Shall LM (1992) Fluoroscopic evaluation for subtle shoulder instability. Am J Sports Med 20:548–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659202000511

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Srikumaran U, Wells JH, Freehill MT, Tan EW, Higgins LD, Warner JJP (2014) Scapular Winging. J Bone Jt Surg 96:e122. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.m.01031