Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1994). Diagnostic tests 3: Receiver operating characteristic plots. BMJ, 309, 188.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory – (2nd ed.). Psychological Corporation.

Google Scholar 

Boccaccini, M. T., Murrie, D. C., & Duncan, S. A. (2006). Screening for malingering in a criminal-forensic sample with the Personality Assessment Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 18, 415–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.18.4.415

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boone, K. B. (2009). The need for continuous and comprehensive sampling of effort/response bias during neuropsychological examination. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(4), 729–741. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040802427803

Camara, W. J., Nathan, J. S., & Puente, A. E. (2000). Psychological test usage: Implications in professional psychology. Professional Psychology, 31(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.31.2.141

Article  Google Scholar 

Chafetz, M., & Underhill, J. (2013). Estimated costs of malingered disability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(7), 633–639. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/act038

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Correa, A. A., & Rogers, R. (2010). Cross-cultural applications of the PAI. In M. A. Blais, Baity, M. R., & C. J. Hopwood (Eds). Clinical applications of the personality assessment inventory (pp. 135–148). New York: Routledge.

Crişan, I. (2023). English versus native language administration of the IOP-29-M produces similar results in a sample of Romanian bilinguals: A brief report. Psychology & Neuroscience, 16(3), 254–260. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000316

Article  Google Scholar 

Curtis, K. L., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., & Brennan, A. (2006). California Verbal Learning Test indicators of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Sensitivity and specificity in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 13(1), 46–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curtis, K. L., Thompson, L. K., Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2008). Verbal fluency indicators of malingering in traumatic brain injury: Classification accuracy in known groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 930–945. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701563591

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cutler, L., Greenacre, M., Abeare, C. A., Sirianni, C. D., Roth, R., & Erdodi, L. A. (2023). Multivariate models provide an effective psychometric solution to the variability in classification accuracy of D-KEFS Stroop performance validity cutoffs. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 37(3), 617–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2022.2073914

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cutler, L., Sirianni, C. D., Abeare, K., Holcomb, M., & Erdodi, L. A. (2022). One-minute SVT? The V-5 is a stronger predictor of symptom exaggeration than self-reported trauma history. Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 22(5), 470–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/24732850.2021.2013361

Article  Google Scholar 

De Boer, A. B., Phillips, M. S., Barwegen, K. C., Obolsky, M. A., Rauch, A. A., Pesanti, S. D., & Soble, J. R. (2023). Comprehensive analysis of MMPI-2-RF symptom validity scales and performance validity test relationships in a diverse mixed neuropsychiatric setting. Psychological Injury and Law, 16(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-022-09467-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donders, J., Lefebre, N., & Goldsworthy, R. (2021). Patterns of performance and symptom validity test findings after mild traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 36, 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz057

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., & Abeare, C. A. (2020). Stronger together: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition as a multivariate performance validity test in patients with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 35(2), 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz032/5613200

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A. (2021). Five shades of gray: Conceptual and methodological issues around multivariate models of performance validity. NeuroRehabilitation, 49(2), 179–213. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-218020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., & Lichtenstein, J. D. (2021). Information processing speed tests as PVTs. In K. B. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment. A neuropsychological perspective (pp. 218-247). New York, NY: Guilford.

Erdodi, L. A. (2023). Multivariate models of performance validity: The Erdodi Index captures the dual nature of non-credible responding (continuous and categorical). Assessment, 30(5), 1467–1485. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911221101910

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., Kirsch, N. L., Lajiness-O’Neill, R., Vingilis, E., & Medoff, B. (2014). Comparing the Recognition Memory Test and the Word Choice Test in a mixed clinical sample: Are they equivalent? Psychological Injury and Law, 7(3), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9197-8

Article  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., & Lichtenstein, J. D. (2017). Invalid before impaired: An emerging paradox of embedded validity indicators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(6–7), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1323119

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., Sabelli, A. G., An, K. Y., Hastings, M., McCoy, C., & Abeare, C. A. (2020). Introducing a five-variable psychiatric screener based on the visual analog scale (V-5). Psychology & Neuroscience, 13(2), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000201

Article  Google Scholar 

Finley, J. C. A., Brooks, J. M., Nili, A. N., Oh, A., VanLandingham, H. B., Ovsiew, G. P., ... & Soble, J. R. (2023). Multivariate examination of embedded indicators of performance validity for ADHD evaluations: A targeted approach. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2023.2256440

Fuermaier, A. B., Dandachi-Fitzgerald, B., & Lehrner, J. (2023). Validity assessment of early retirement claimants: Symptom overreporting on the Beck Depression Inventory–II. Advance Online Publication. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2023.2206031

Article  Google Scholar 

Gaasedelen, O. J., Whiteside, D. M., & Basso, M. (2017). Exploring the sensitivity of the Personality Assessment Inventory symptom validity tests in detecting response bias in a mixed neuropsychological outpatient sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(5), 844–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1312700

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaines, M. V., Giles, C. L., & Morgan, R. D. (2012). The detection of feigning using multiple PAI scale elevations: A new index. Assessment, 20(4), 437–447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112458146

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giromini, L., & Viglione, D. J. (2022). Assessing negative response bias with the Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29): A quantitative literature review. Psychological Injury and Law, 15(1), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09437-7

Article  Google Scholar 

Giromini, L., Young, G., & Sellbom, M. (2022). Assessing negative response bias using self-report measures: New articles, new issues. Psychological Injury and Law, 15(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-022-09444-2

Article  Google Scholar 

Goodglass, H., Kaplan, E., & Barresi, B. (2001). Boston diagnostic aphasia examination (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA.

Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., & Doane, B. M. (2006). Classification accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering in traumatic brain injury: Results of a known-group analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(7), 1176–1190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390500263550

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greve, K. W., Heinly, M. T., Bianchini, K. J., & Love, J. M. (2009). Malingering detection with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 343–362.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guise, B. J., Thompson, M. D., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., & West, L. (2014). Assessment of performance validity in the Stroop Color and Word Test in mild traumatic brain injury patients: A criterion-groups validation design. Journal of Neuropsychology, 8(1), 20–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guriel-Tennant, J., & Fremouw, W. (2006). Impact of trauma history and coaching on malingering of posttraumatic stress disorder using the PAI, TSI, and M-FAST. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 17(4), 577–592.

Article  Google Scholar 

Haggerty, K. A., Frazier, T. W., Busch, R. M., & Naugle, R. I. (2007). Relationships among Victoria Symptom Validity Test indices and Personality Assessment Inventory validity scales in a large clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(6), 917–928.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holcomb, M., Pyne, S., Cutler, L., Oikle, D. A., & Erdodi, L. A. (2023). Take their word for it: The Inventory of Problems provides valuable information on both symptom and performance validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 105(4), 520–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2022.2114358

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holcomb, M. J., Roth, R. M., Tyson, B. T., & Erdodi, L. A. (2022). Critical item (CR) analysis expands the classification accuracy of performance validity tests based on the forced choice paradigm – Replicating previously introduced CR cutoffs within the Word Choice Test. Neuropsychology, 36(7), 683–694. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000834

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jinkerson, J. D., Lu, L. H., Kennedy, J., Armistead-Jehle, P., Nelson, J. T., & Seegmiller, R. A. (2023). Grooved Pegboard adds incremental value over memory-apparent performance validity tests in predicting psychiatric symptom report. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2023.2192409

Kucharski, L. T., Toomey, J. P., Fila, K., & Duncan, S. (2007). Detection of malingering of psychiatric disorder with the Personality Assessment Inventory: An investigation of criminal defendants. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(1), 25–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kurtz, J. E., Ghosh, A., & Martin, V. A. (2023). Diagnostic efficiency of the PAI negative distortion indicators for detecting feigned head injury. Psychology & Neuroscience, 16(2), 155–166. https://doi