Lu JM, Yao Q, Chen C (2009) Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 7:293–302
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Choi KT (2008) Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng C A Meyer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 29:1109–1118
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Park EK, Choo MK, Kim EJ, Han MJ, Kim DH (2003) Antiallergic activity of ginsenoside Rh2. Biol Pharm Bull 26:1581–1584
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hwang JT, Lee MS, Kim HJ, Sung MJ, Kim HY, Kim MS, Kwon DY (2009) Antiobesity effect of ginsenoside Rg3 involves the AMPK and PPAR-gamma signal pathways. Phytother Res 23:262–266
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Peng D, Wang H, Qu C, Xie L, Wicks SM, Xie J (2012) Ginsenoside re: Its chemistry, metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Chin Med 7:2
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen LM, Zhou XM, Cao YL, Hu WX (2008) Neuroprotection of ginsenoside Re in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. J Asian Nat Prod Res 10:439–445
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu Z, Li Z, Liu X (2002) Effect of ginsenoside Re on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2/Bax gene after ischemia and reperfusion in rats. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci 22:305–309
Cho JY, Kim AR, Yoo ES, Baik KU, Park MH (2002) Ginsenosides from panax ginseng differentially regulate lymphocyte proliferation. Planta Med 68:497–500
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang Z, Li YF, Han XY, Sun YS, Zhang LX, Liu W, Liu XX, Li W, Liu YY (2018) Kidney protection effect of ginsenoside Re and its underlying mechanisms on cisplatin-induced kidney injury. Cell Physiol Biochem 48:2219–2229
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang QW, Yu XF, Xu HL, Zhao XZ, Sui DY (2019) Ginsenoside Re improves isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis and heart failure in rats. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2019:3714508
Qomaladewi NP, Kim MY, Cho JY (2019) Autophagy and its regulation by ginseng components. J Ginseng Res 43:349–353
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang ZL, Liu ML, Huang YS, Liang WY, Zhang MM, Fan YD, Ma MF (2020) Ginsenoside Re enhances the survival of H9c2 cardiac muscle cells through regulation of autophagy. J Asian Nat Prod Res 22:774–787
Liu L, Ma F, Hao Y, Yi Z, Yu X, Xu B, Wei C, Hu J (2020) Integrative informatics analysis of transcriptome and identification of interacted genes in the glomeruli and tubules in CKD. Front Med (Lausanne) 7:615306
Ratnam KK, Feng X, Chuang PY, Verma V, Lu TC, Wang J, Jin Y, Farias EF, Napoli JL, Chen N, Kaufman L, Takano T, D’Agati VD, Klotman PE, He JC (2011) Role of the retinoic acid receptor-alpha in HIV-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 79:624–634
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bolstad BM, Irizarry RA, Astrand M, Speed TP (2003) A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and bias. Bioinformatics 19:185–193
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wynn TA (2008) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. J Pathol 214:199–210
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hirschberg R (2005) Wound healing in the kidney: complex interactions in renal interstitial fibrogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:9–11
Li X, Mo N, Li Z (2020) Ginsenosides: potential therapeutic source for fibrosis-associated human diseases. J Ginseng Res 44:386–398
Xie XS, Yang M, Liu HC, Zuo C, Li Z, Deng Y, Fan JM (2008) Influence of ginsenoside Rg1, a panaxatriol saponin from panax notoginseng, on renal fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 9:885–894
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Xie XS, Liu HC, Wang FP, Zhang CL, Zuo C, Deng Y, Fan JM (2010) Ginsenoside Rg1 modulation on thrombospondin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in early renal fibrogenesis in unilateral obstruction. Phytother Res 24:1581–1587
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lim SW, Jin L, Luo K, Jin J, Yang CW (2017) Ginseng extract reduces tacrolimus-induced oxidative stress by modulating autophagy in pancreatic beta cells. Lab Invest 97:1271–1281
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kang S, Kim JE, Song NR, Jung SK, Lee MH, Park JS, Yeom MH, Bode AM, Dong Z, Lee KW (2014) The ginsenoside 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol induces autophagy and apoptosis in human melanoma via AMPK/JNK phosphorylation. PLoS ONE 9:e104305
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu X, Chen J, Sun N, Li N, Zhang Z, Zheng T, Li Z (2020) Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway in renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 163:996–1009
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Levine B, Kroemer G (2008) Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell 132:27–42
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ravanan P, Srikumar IF, Talwar P (2017) Autophagy: the spotlight for cellular stress responses. Life Sci 188:53–67
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tang C, Livingston MJ, Liu Z, Dong Z (2020) Autophagy in kidney homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 16:489–508
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Li L, Zepeda-Orozco D, Black R, Lin F (2010) Autophagy is a component of epithelial cell fate in obstructive uropathy. Am J Pathol 176:1767–1778
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Livingston MJ, Ding HF, Huang S, Hill JA, Yin XM, Dong Z (2016) Persistent activation of autophagy in kidney tubular cells promotes renal interstitial fibrosis during unilateral ureteral obstruction. Autophagy 12:976–998
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim WY, Nam SA, Song HC, Ko JS, Park SH, Kim HL, Choi EJ, Kim YS, Kim J, Kim YK (2012) The role of autophagy in unilateral ureteral obstruction rat model. Nephrology (Carlton) 17:148–159
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hafez MM, Hamed SS, El Khadragy MF, Hassan ZK, Al Rejaie SS, Sayed Ahmed MM, Al-Harbi NO, Al Hosaini KA, Al Harbi MM, Alhoshani AR, Al Shabanah OA, Alsharari SD (2017) Effect of ginseng extract on the TGF beta1 signaling pathway in CCl4 induced liver fibrosis in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 17:1–11
Kim DH, Chung JH, Yoon JS, Ha YM, Bae S, Lee EK, Jung KJ, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kim MK, Chung HY (2013) Ginsenoside Rd inhibits the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 by suppressing NF-kappaB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and mouse liver. J Ginseng Res 37:54–63
Comments (0)