Wang Y, Patel A, Douglas RS (2019) Thyroid eye disease: how a novel therapy may change the treatment paradigm. Ther Clin Risk Manag 15:1305–1318

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burch HB, Perros P, Bednarczuk T, Cooper DS, Dolman PJ, Leung AM, Mombaerts I, Salvi M, Stan MN (2022) Management of thyroid eye disease: a consensus statement by the American thyroid association and the European thyroid association. Eur Thyroid J 11(6):e220189

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pelewicz-Sowa M, Miśkiewicz P (2023) Dysthyroid optic neuropathy: emerging treatment strategies. J Endocrinol Invest 46(7):1305–1316

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel A, Yang H, Douglas RS (2019) A new era in the treatment of thyroid eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol 208:281–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2019.07.021

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stiebel-Kalish H, Robenshtok E, Hasanreisoglu M et al (2009) Treatment modalities for Graves’ orbitopathy: systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(8):2708–2716

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rao R, MacIntosh PW, Yoon MK et al (2015) Current trends in the management of thyroid eye disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 26(6):484–490

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang DD, Gonzalez MO, Durairaj VD (2011) Medical management of thyroid eye disease. Saudi J Ophthalmol 25(1):313

Article  Google Scholar 

Smith LD., Moscato EE, Seiff SR (2021) Tocilizumab for the management of thyroidassociated orbitopathy. Plast Reconstr Surg:38(2): 188–192.

Stiebel-Kalish H, Robenshtok E, Hasanreisoglu M et al (2009) Treatment modalities for graves’ ophthalmopathy: systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(8):2708–2716

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao G, Dai J, Qian Y et al (2014) Meta-analysis of methylprednisolone pulse therapy for Graves’ orbitopathy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 42(8):769–777

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kahaly GJ, Pitz S, Hommel G et al (2005) Randomized, single blind trial of intravenousversusoral steroid monotherapy in graves’ orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(9):5234–5240

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bartalena L, Krassas GE, Wiersinga W et al (2012) European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy. Efficacy and safety of three different cumulative doses of intravenous methylprednisolone for moderate to severe and active Graves’ orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(12):4454–4463. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2389

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zang S, Ponto KA, Kahaly GJ (2011) Clinical review: intravenous glucocorticoids for Graves’ orbitopathy: efficacy and morbidity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:320–332

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Russell DJ, Wagner LH, Seiff SR (2017) Tocilizumab as a steroid sparing agent for the treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 7:146–148

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Moreiras JV, Álvarez-López A, Gómez EC (2014) Treatment of active corticosteroid-resistant graves’ orbitopathy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 30(2):162–167

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sy A, Eliasieh K, Silkiss RZ (2017) Clinical response to tocilizumab in severe thyroid eye disease. Ophthalmic Plastic Reconstr Surg 33(3):E55–E57

Article  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Moreiras JV, Varela-Agra M, Prada-Sánchez MC et al (2021) Steroid-resistant graves’ orbitopathy treated with tocilizumab in real-world clinical practice: a 9-year single-center experience. J Clin Med 10(4):706

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perez-Moreiras JV, Gomez-Reino JJ, Maneiro JR et al (2018) Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe corticosteroid-resistant graves orbitopathy: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol 195:181–190

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ponto KA, Kanitz M, Olivo PD et al (2011) Clinical relevance of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in graves’ ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmology 118(11):2279–2285

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boschi A (2005) Quantification of cells expressing the thyrotropin receptor in extraocular muscles in thyroid associated orbitopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 89(6):724–729

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel P, Khandji J, Kazim M (2015) Recurrent thyroid eye disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 31:445–448

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Selva D, Chen C, King G (2004) Late reactivation of thyroid orbitopathy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 32:46–50

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thornton J, Kelly SP, Harrison RA et al (2007) Cigarette smoking and thyroid eye disease: a systematic review. Eye (Lond) 21(9):1135–1145. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6702603. (Epub 2006 Sep 15 PMID: 16980921)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones G, Sebba A, Gu J et al (2010) Comparison of tocilizumab monotherapy versus methotrexate monotherapy in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis: the AMBITION study. Ann Rheumatic Dis 69:88–96

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kossler AL, Douglas R, Dosiou C (2022) Teprotumumab and the evolving therapeutic landscape in thyroid eye disease. OUP Academic. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/107/Supplement_1/S36/6658346

Albrashdi S, Alsharqi H, Habroosh F, Eatamadi H (2022) Tocilizumab use in pediatric thyroid eye disease: first documented case. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 5(25):101387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101387. (PMID: 35198812 PMCID: PMC8851154)

Article  Google Scholar 

Schiff MH, Kremer JM, Jahreis A et al (2011) Integrated safety in tocilizumab clinical trials. Arthritis Res Ther 13:R141

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar