aDepartment of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

bThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

cDepartment of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Cardiology

dDivision of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University

eDepartment of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Clinical Physiology, Linköping, Sweden

Correspondence to Peder af Geijerstam, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden. Tel: +46 073 9597426; e-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CACS, coronary artery calcium score; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SCAPIS, The Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study

Received 10 October, 2023

Revised 12 February, 2024

Accepted 1 March, 2024