Novelline RA, Rhea JT, Rao PM, Stuk JL (1999) Helical CT in emergency radiology. Radiology 213:321–339

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shuman WP (1997) CT of blunt abdominal trauma in adults. Radiology 205:297–306

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Novelline RA, Rhea JT, Bell T (1999) Helical CT of abdominal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 37:591–612

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ryan MF, Hamilton PA, Chu P, Hanaghan J. ;55(3):160–169., Uyeda JW, LeBedis CA, Penn DR, Soto JA, Anderson SW (2004) Active extravasation of arterial contrast agent on post-traumatic abdominal computed tomography. Can Assoc Radiol J. Active hemorrhage and vascular injuries in splenic trauma: utility of the arterial phase in multidetector CT. Radiology 2014;270:99–106

Uyeda JW, LeBedis CA, Penn DR, Soto JA, Anderson SW (2004) Active extravasation of arterial contrast agent on post-traumatic abdominal computed tomography. Can Assoc Radiol J. Active hemorrhage and vascular injuries in splenic trauma: utility of the arterial phase in multidetector CT. Radiology 2014;270:99–106

Boscak AR, Shanmuganathan K, Mirvis SE, Fleiter TR, Miller LA, Sliker CW et al (2013) Optimizing trauma multidetector CT protocol for blunt splenic injury: need for arterial and portal venous phase scans. Radiology 268:79–88

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hagiwara A, Yukioka T, Ohta S, Nitatori T, Matsuda H, Shimazaki S (1996) Nonsurgical management of patients with blunt splenic injury: efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization. AJR Am J Roentgenol 167:159–166

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marmery H, Shanmuganathan K, Alexander MT, Mirvis SE (2007) Optimization of selection for nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury: comparison of MDCT grading systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189:1421–1427

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marmery H, Shanmuganathan K, Mirvis SE, Richard H, Sliker C, Miller LA et al (2008) Correlation of multidetector CT findings with splenic arteriography and surgery: prospective study in 392 patients. J Am Coll Surg 206:685–693

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fang JF, Wong YC, Lin BC, Hsu YP, Chen MF (2006) The CT risk factors for the need of operative treatment in initially hemodynamically stable patients after blunt hepatic trauma. J Trauma 61:547–553 discussion 553–554

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thompson BE, Munera F, Cohn SM, MacLean AA, Cameron J, Rivas L, Bajayo D (2006) Novel computed tomography scan scoring system predicts the need for intervention after splenic injury. J Trauma 60:1083–1086

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rhodes CA, Dinan D, Jafri SZ, Howells G, McCarroll K (2005) Clinical outcome of active extravasation in splenic trauma. Emerg Radiol 11:348–352

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murphy DJ, Aghayev A, Steigner ML (2018) Vascular CT and MRI: a practical guide to imaging protocols. Insights Imaging 9:215–236

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baliyan V, Verdini D, Meyersohn NM (2018) Noninvasive aortic imaging. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 8:S3–18

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shyu JY, Khurana B, Soto JA, Biffl WL, Camacho MA, Diercks DB, Glanc P, Kalva SP, Khosa F, Meyer BJ, Ptak T (2020) ACR appropriateness criteria® major blunt trauma. J Am Coll Radiol 17(5):S160–S174

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hamilton JD, Kumaravel M, Censullo ML, Cohen AM, Kievlan DS, West OC (2008) Multidetector CT evaluation of active extravasation in blunt abdominal and pelvic trauma patients. Radiographics 28(6):1603–1616

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anderson SW, Lucey BC, Rhea JT, Soto JA (2007) 64 MDCT in multiple trauma patients: imaging manifestations and clinical implications of active extravasation. Emerg Radiol 14:151–159

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stuhlfaut JW, Lucey BC, Varghese JC, Soto JA (2006) Blunt abdominal trauma: utility of 5-minute delayed CT with a reduced radiation dose. Radiology 238(2):473–479

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anderson SW, Varghese JC, Lucey BC, Burke PA, Hirsch EF, Soto JA. ;243(1):88–95. Fingar SC, Weiss, Steiner AJ (2007) Blunt splenic trauma: delayed-phase CT for differentiation of active hemorrhage from contained vascular injury in patients. Radiology CA. Most frequent operating room procedures performed in U.S. hospitals, 2003–2012: statistical brief #186. Healthcare cost and utilization project (HCUP) statistical briefs Rockville (MD): agency for healthcare research and quality (US); 2006

Fingar SC, Weiss, Steiner AJ (2007) Blunt splenic trauma: delayed-phase CT for differentiation of active hemorrhage from contained vascular injury in patients. Radiology CA. Most frequent operating room procedures performed in U.S. hospitals, 2003–2012: statistical brief #186. Healthcare cost and utilization project (HCUP) statistical briefs Rockville (MD): agency for healthcare research and quality (US); 2006

Park JH (2014) Diagnostic imaging utilization in cases of acute appendicitis: multi-center experience. J Korean Med Sci 29:1308–1316

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Soto JA, Anderson SW (2012) Multidetector CT of blunt abdominal trauma. Radiology 265:678–693

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alagic Z, Eriksson A, Drageryd E, Motamed SR, Wick MC (2017) A new low-dose multiphase trauma CT protocol and its impact on diagnostic assessment and radiation dose in multi-trauma patients. Emerg Radiol 24:509–518

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yaniv G, Portnoy O, Simon D, Bader S, Konen E, Guranda L (2013) Revised protocol for whole-body CT for multi-trauma patients applying triphasic injection followed by a single-pass scan on a 64-MDCT. Clin Radiol 68:668–675

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim SJ, Ahn SJ, Choi SJ, Park DH, Kim HS, Kim JH (2019) Optimal CT protocol for the diagnosis of active bleeding in abdominal trauma patients. Am J Emerg Med 37(7):1331–1335

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pouw ME, Albright JW, Kozhimala MJ, Baird GL, Nguyen VT, Prince EA, Scappaticci AA, Ahn SH (2022) Adding non-contrast and delayed phases increases the diagnostic performance of arterial CTA for suspected active lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Eur Radiol 32(7):4638–4646

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim JW, Shin SS, Yoon W et al (2011) Diagnosis of acute gastrointestinal bleeding: comparison of the arterial, the portal, and the combined set using 64-section computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 35:206–211

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

National Research Council of the National Academies (2006) Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation-BEIR VII phase 2. Committee to assess health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. National Academies, Washington, DC

Google Scholar