Keywords

Ultramicronized N-palmitoylethanolamine

Chronic pain

Analgesics

Add-on

Preclinical studies

Clinical studies

Abbreviations2-AG

2-arachidonoyl-glycerol

ABHD4

α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein 4

ALIA

autacoid local inflammation antagonist

ALIAmides

autacoid local injury antagonist amides

AP-1

AP-1 transcription factor subunit (official symbol JUN)

CB1

cannabinoid receptor type 1

CB2

cannabinoid receptor type 2

CCI

chronic constriction injury

CCL2

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2

CCRCT

Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials

CD30

cluster of differentiation 30 (official symbol: TNFRSF8)

Cmax

maximum concentration

CMC

carboxymethylcellulose

COX-2

cyclooxygenase 2 (official symbol: MT-CO2)

COX-2/PGE2

COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2

EAAT2

excitatory amino acid transporter (official symbol: SLC1A2)

EC50

half-maximal effective concentration

EQ-5D

EuroQol five-dimensions

FAAH-2

fatty acid amide hydrolase-2

FAAH

fatty acid amide hydrolase

FAE

fatty acid ethanolamide

GDE

glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase

GDE1

glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 1

GDE4

glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 1 (official symbol: GDPD1)

GDE7

glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 3 (official symbol: GDPD3)

GFAP

glial fibrillary acidic protein

GP-NAE

glycerophospho-N-palmitoyl ethanolamine

GPR119

G protein-coupled receptor 119

GPR55

G protein-coupled receptor 55

IASP

International Association for the Study of Pain

Iba-1

ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1

ICD

International Classification of Diseases

iNOS

nitric oxide synthase 2 (official symbol NOS2)

IκB-α

Nfkb inhibitor alpha (official symbol Nfkbia)

lysoNAPE

lysophosphatidylethanolamine

N-acyl-lysoPE

N-acyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine

MnSOD

manganese superoxide dismutase

NAAA

N-acylethanolamine acid amidase

NAPE-PLD

N-acyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine phospholipase D

NF-κB p65

v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian) (official symbol: Rela)

NF-κB

nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (official symbol: NF-κB1)

NHS-HRA

National Health System Health Research Authority

NNT

number needed to treat

NPSI

Neuropatic Pain Symptom Inventory

NSAIDs

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

PEA

N-palmitoylethanolamine

PPAR

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PPARα

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (official symbol: PPARA)

PPARγ

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (official symbol: PPARG)

PPARδ

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (official symbol: PPARD)

PTPN22

protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22

RBL-2H3

basophilic leukemia cell line (Rattus norvegicus)

Serpina3n

serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3 N

SHIP1

inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase D (official symbol: INPP5D)

SNRIs

serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

sPLA2

secretory phospholipase A2

TNF-α

tumor necrosis factor (official symbol: TNF)

TRPV1

Transient Receptor Potential cation channel subfamily V member 1

WHO

World Health Organization