Diverse Endotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Clinical Implications

Pleis JR, Lucas JW, Ward BW (2009) Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2008. Vital Health Stat 10:1–157

Hastan D, Fokkens WJ, Bachert C, Newson RB, Bislimovska J, Bockelbrink A, Bousquet PJ, Brozek G, Bruno A, Dahlen SE, Forsberg B, Gunnbjornsdottir M, Kasper L, Kramer U, Kowalski ML, Lange B, Lundback B, Salagean E, Todo-Bom A, Tomassen P, Toskala E, van Drunen CM, Bousquet J, Zuberbier T, Jarvis D, Burney P (2011) Chronic rhinosinusitis in Europe--an underestimated disease. A GA(2)LEN study. Allergy 66:1216–1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02646.x

Shi JB, Fu QL, Zhang H, Cheng L, Wang YJ, Zhu DD, Lv W, Liu SX, Li PZ, Ou CQ, Xu G (2015) Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis: results from a cross-sectional survey in seven Chinese cities. Allergy 70:533–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12577

Bachert C, Akdis CA (2016) Phenotypes and Emerging Endotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 4:621–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.05.004

Chang EH, Stern DA, Willis AL, Guerra S, Wright AL, Martinez FD (2018) Early life risk factors for chronic sinusitis: A longitudinal birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 141:1291–1297 e1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.052

Kato A, Peters AT, Stevens WW, Schleimer RP, Tan BK, Kern RC (2022) Endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: Relationships to disease phenotypes, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and treatment approaches. Allergy 77:812–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15074

Akdis CA, Bachert C, Cingi C, Dykewicz MS, Hellings PW, Naclerio RM, Schleimer RP, Ledford D (2013) Endotypes and phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: a PRACTALL document of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 131:1479–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.036

Dennis SK, Lam K, Luong A (2016) A Review of Classification Schemes for Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis Endotypes. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 1:130–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.32

Wang X, Sima Y, Zhao Y, Zhang N, Zheng M, Du K, Wang M, Wang Y, Hao Y, Li Y, Liu M, Piao Y, Liu C, Tomassen P, Zhang L, Bachert C (2022) Endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis based on inflammatory and remodeling factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 151:458–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2022.10.010

Turner JH, Chandra RK, Li P, Bonnet K, Schlundt DG (2018) Identification of clinically relevant chronic rhinosinusitis endotypes using cluster analysis of mucus cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 141:1895–1897 e1897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.002

Tomassen P, Vandeplas G, Van Zele T, Cardell LO, Arebro J, Olze H, Forster-Ruhrmann U, Kowalski ML, Olszewska-Ziaber A, Holtappels G, De Ruyck N, Wang X, Van Drunen C, Mullol J, Hellings P, Hox V, Toskala E, Scadding G, Lund V, Zhang L, Fokkens W, Bachert C (2016) Inflammatory endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis based on cluster analysis of biomarkers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137:1449–1456 e1444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1324

Liao B, Liu JX, Li ZY, Zhen Z, Cao PP, Yao Y, Long XB, Wang H, Wang Y, Schleimer R, Liu Z (2018) Multidimensional endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis and their association with treatment outcomes. Allergy 73:1459–1469. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13411

Lou H, Meng Y, Piao Y, Zhang N, Bachert C, Wang C, Zhang L (2016) Cellular phenotyping of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Rhinology 54:150–159. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhino15.271

Wei B, Liu F, Zhang J, Liu Y, Du J, Liu S, Zhang N, Bachert C, Meng J (2018) Multivariate analysis of inflammatory endotypes in recurrent nasal polyposis in a Chinese population. Rhinology 56:216–226. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin17.240

Ikeda K, Shiozawa A, Ono N, Kusunoki T, Hirotsu M, Homma H, Saitoh T, Murata J (2013) Subclassification of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp based on eosinophil and neutrophil. Laryngoscope 123:E1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.24154

Butcher MJ, Zhu J (2021) Recent advances in understanding the Th1/Th2 effector choice. Fac Rev 10:30. https://doi.org/10.12703/r/10-30

Ahern S, Cervin A (2019) Inflammation and Endotyping in Chronic Rhinosinusitis-A Paradigm Shift. Medicina (Kaunas) 55:95. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55040095

Tesmer LA, Lundy SK, Sarkar S, Fox DA (2008) Th17 cells in human disease. Immunol Rev 223:87–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00628.x

Weibman AR, Huang JH, Stevens WW, Suh LA, Price CPE, Lidder AK, Conley DB, Welch KC, Shintani-Smith S, Peters AT, Grammer LC, Kato A, Kern RC, Schleimer RP, Tan BK (2017) A prospective analysis evaluating tissue biopsy location and its clinical relevance in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 7:1058–1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22005

Morse JC, Shilts MH, Ely KA, Li P, Sheng Q, Huang LC, Wannemuehler TJ, Chowdhury NI, Chandra RK, Das SR, Turner JH (2019) Patterns of olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis identified by hierarchical cluster analysis and machine learning algorithms. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 9:255–264. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22249

Morse JC, Li P, Ely KA, Shilts MH, Wannemuehler TJ, Huang LC, Sheng Q, Chowdhury NI, Chandra RK, Das SR, Turner JH (2019) Chronic rhinosinusitis in elderly patients is associated with an exaggerated neutrophilic proinflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 143:990–1002 e1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.056

Chapurin N, Li P, Chandra RK, Turner JH, Chowdhury NI (2021) Elevated mucus interleukin-17A levels are associated with increased prior sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 11:120–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22652

Soler ZM, Schlosser RJ, Bodner TE, Alt JA, Ramakrishnan VR, Mattos JL, Mulligan JK, Mace JC, Smith TL (2021) Endotyping chronic rhinosinusitis based on olfactory cleft mucus biomarkers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147:1732–1741 e1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.021

Yancey KL, Li P, Huang LC, Sheng Q, Chandra RK, Chowdhury NI, Turner JH (2019) Longitudinal stability of chronic rhinosinusitis endotypes. Clin Exp Allergy 49:1637–1640. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13502

Chapurin N, Wu J, Labby AB, Chandra RK, Chowdhury NI, Turner JH (2022) Current insight into treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis: Phenotypes, endotypes, and implications for targeted therapeutics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 150:22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.013

Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, Hellings PW, Kern R, Reitsma S, Toppila-Salmi S, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Mullol J, Alobid I, Terezinha Anselmo-Lima W, Bachert C, Baroody F, von Buchwald C, Cervin A, Cohen N, Constantinidis J, De Gabory L, Desrosiers M, Diamant Z, Douglas RG, Gevaert PH, Hafner A, Harvey RJ, Joos GF, Kalogjera L, Knill A, Kocks JH, Landis BN, Limpens J, Lebeer S, Lourenco O, Meco C, Matricardi PM, O'Mahony L, Philpott CM, Ryan D, Schlosser R, Senior B, Smith TL, Teeling T, Tomazic PV, Wang DY, Wang D, Zhang L, Agius AM, Ahlstrom-Emanuelsson C, Alabri R, Albu S, Alhabash S, Aleksic A, Aloulah M, Al-Qudah M, Alsaleh S, Baban MA, Baudoin T, Balvers T, Battaglia P, Bedoya JD, Beule A, Bofares KM, Braverman I, Brozek-Madry E, Richard B, Callejas C, Carrie S, Caulley L, Chussi D, de Corso E, Coste A, El Hadi U, Elfarouk A, Eloy PH, Farrokhi S, Felisati G, Ferrari MD, Fishchuk R, Grayson W, Goncalves PM, Grdinic B, Grgic V, Hamizan AW, Heinichen JV, Husain S, Ping TI, Ivaska J, Jakimovska F, Jovancevic L, Kakande E, Kamel R, Karpischenko S, Kariyawasam HH, Kawauchi H, Kjeldsen A, Klimek L, Krzeski A, Kopacheva Barsova G, Kim SW, Lal D, Letort JJ, Lopatin A, Mahdjoubi A, Mesbahi A, Netkovski J, Nyenbue Tshipukane D, Obando-Valverde A, Okano M, Onerci M, Ong YK, Orlandi R, Otori N, Ouennoughy K, Ozkan M, Peric A, Plzak J, Prokopakis E, Prepageran N, Psaltis A, Pugin B, Raftopulos M, Rombaux P, Riechelmann H, Sahtout S, Sarafoleanu CC, Searyoh K, Rhee CS, Shi J, Shkoukani M, Shukuryan AK, Sicak M, Smyth D, Sindvongs K, Soklic Kosak T, Stjarne P, Sutikno B, Steinsvag S, Tantilipikorn P, Thanaviratananich S, Tran T, Urbancic J, Valiulius A, Vasquez de Aparicio C, Vicheva D, Virkkula PM, Vicente G, Voegels R, Wagenmann MM, Wardani RS, Welge-Lussen A, Witterick I, Wright E, Zabolotniy D, Zsolt B, Zwetsloot CP (2020) European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology 58:1–464. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin20.600

Wang M, Bu X, Fang G, Luan G, Huang Y, Akdis CA, Wang C, Zhang L (2021) Distinct expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 correlates with endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Allergy 76:789–803. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14665

Forster-Ruhrmann U, Szczepek AJ, Pierchalla G, Fluhr JW, Artuc M, Zuberbier T, Bachert C, Olze H (2022) Chemokine Expression-Based Endotype Clustering of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. J Pers Med 12:646. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12040646

Stevens WW, Peters AT, Tan BK, Klingler AI, Julie AP, Hulse KE, Grammer LC, Welch KC, Smith SS, Conley DB, Kern RC, Schleimer RP, Kato A. (2019) Associations between inflammatory endotypes and clinical presentations in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 7:2812–2820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.05.009

Fokkens W, Lund V, Mullol J, European Position Paper on R, Nasal Polyps g (2007) European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2007. Rhinol Suppl 20:1–136.

Yang X, Shen S, Deng Y, Wang C, Zhang L (2022) Air Pollution Exposure Affects Severity and Cellular Endotype of Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps. Laryngoscope 132:2103–2110. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.29974

Zachary M. Soler DAS, Jess Mace,Timothy L. Smith, (2009) Relationship between clinical measures and histopathologic findings in chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 141:454–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2009.06.085

Nakayama T, Yoshikawa M, Asaka D, Okushi T, Matsuwaki Y, Otori N, Hama T, Moriyama H (2011) Mucosal eosinophilia and recurrence of nasal polyps - new classification of chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 49:392–396. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhino10.261

Nakayama T, Asaka D, Yoshikawa M, Okushi T, Matsuwaki Y, Moriyama H, Otori N (2012) Identification of chronic rhinosinusitis phenotypes using cluster analysis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 26:172–176. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3749

Mastsuwaki Y, Ookushi T, Asaka D, Mori E, Nakajima T, Yoshida T, Kojima J, Chiba S, Ootori N, Moriyama H (2008) Chronic rhinosinusitis: risk factors for the recurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis based on 5-year follow-up after endoscopic sinus surgery. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1:77–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000126066

Article  Google Scholar 

Soler ZM, Sauer D, Mace J, Smith TL (2010) Impact of mucosal eosinophilia and nasal polyposis on quality-of-life outcomes after sinus surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 142:64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2009.10.005

Lou H, Meng Y, Piao Y, Wang C, Zhang L, Bachert C (2015) Predictive significance of tissue eosinophilia for nasal polyp recurrence in the Chinese population. Am J Rhinol Allergy 29:350–356. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4231

Wen W, Liu W, Zhang L, Bai J, Fan Y, Xia W, Luo Q, Zheng J, Wang H, Li Z, Xia J, Jiang H, Liu Z, Shi J, Li H, Xu G, Nasal Health Group C (2012) Increased neutrophilia in nasal polyps reduces the response to oral corticosteroid therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129:1522–1528 e1525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.079

Yao T, Kojima Y, Koyanagi A, Yokoi H, Saito T, Kawano K, Furukawa M, Kusunoki T, Ikeda K (2009) Eotaxin-1, -2, and -3 immunoreactivity and protein concentration in the nasal polyps of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Laryngoscope 119:1053–1059. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.20191

Cao PPLH, Wang BF et al (2009) Distinct immunopathologic characteristics of various types of chronic rhinosinusitis in adult Chinese. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124:478–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.017

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Zhang N, Bo M, Holtappels G, Zheng M, Lou H, Wang H, Zhang L, Bachert C (2016) Diversity of T(H) cytokine profiles in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: A multicenter study in Europe, Asia, and Oceania. J Allergy Clin Immunol 138:1344–1353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.041

Hao J, Pang YT, Wang DY (2006) Diffuse mucosal inflammation in nasal polyps and adjacent middle turbinate. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134:267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2005.09.026

Howarth PH, Persson CG, Meltzer EO, Jacobson MR, Durham SR, Silkoff PE (2005) Objective monitoring of nasal airway inflammation in rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:S414–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.1134

Marino MJ, Garcia JO, Zarka MA, Lal D (2019) Inflammatory cell predominance and patterns in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyposis patients. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 4:573–577. https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.328

Lal D HC, Divekar RD (2018) SNOT-22-based clusters in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis exhibit distinct endotypic and prognostic differences. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 8:797–805. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22101

Hao D, Wu Y, Li P, Li C, Jiang T, Zhang Q, Liu S, Shi L (2022) An Integrated Analysis of Inflammatory Endotypes and Clinical Characteristics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. J Inflamm Res 15:5557–5565. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S377301

Tokunaga T, Sakashita M, Haruna T, Asaka D, Takeno S, Ikeda H, Nakayama T, Seki N, Ito S, Murata J, Sakuma Y, Yoshida N, Terada T, Morikura I, Sakaida H, Kondo K, Teraguchi K, Okano M, Otori N, Yoshikawa M, Hirakawa K, Haruna S, Himi T, Ikeda K, Ishitoya J, Iino Y, Kawata R, Kawauchi H, Kobayashi M, Yamasoba T, Miwa T, Urashima M, Tamari M, Noguchi E, Ninomiya T, Imoto Y, Morikawa T, Tomita K, Takabayashi T, Fujieda S (2015) Novel scoring system and algorithm for classifying chronic rhinosinusitis: the JESREC Study. Allergy 70:995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12644

Brescia G, Alessandrini L, Marioni G (2021) Structured histopathology for endotyping and planning rational treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Otolaryngol 42:102795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102795

Mortuaire G, Leroy X, Gengler I, Chevalier D, Prin L, Picry A (2015) Histopathological classification of refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Histol Histopathol 30:1447–1454. https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-11-632

Taniguchi M, Mitsui C, Hayashi H, Ono E, Kajiwara K, Mita H, Watai K, Kamide Y, Fukutomi Y, Sekiya K, Higashi N (2019) Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD): Current understanding of AERD. Allergol Int 68:289–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2019.05.001

Nakayama T, Lee IT, Le W, Tsunemi Y, Borchard NA, Zarabanda D, Dholakia SS, Gall PA, Yang A, Kim D, Akutsu M, Kashiwagi T, Patel ZM, Hwang PH, Frank DN, Haruna SI, Ramakrishnan VR, Nolan GP, Jiang S, Nayak JV (2022) Inflammatory molecular endotypes of nasal polyps derived from White and Japanese populations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 149:1296–1308 e1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.11.017

Ba L, Zhang N, Meng J, Zhang J, Lin P, Zhou P, Liu S, Bachert C (2011) The association between bacterial colonization and inflammatory pattern in Chinese chronic rhinosinusitis patients with nasal polyps. Allergy 66:1296–1303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02637.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jankowski R, Bene MC, Moneret-Vautrin AD, Haas F, Faure G, Simon C, Wayoff M (1989) Immunohistological characteristics of nasal polyps. A comparison with healthy mucosa and chronic sinusitis. Rhinol Suppl 8:51–58.

Klingler AI, Stevens WW, Tan BK, Peters AT, Poposki JA, Grammer LC, Welch KC, Smith SS, Conley DB, Kern RC, Schleimer RP, Kato A (2021) Mechanisms and biomarkers of inflammatory endotypes in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147:1306–1317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.037

Guthikonda MR, Gude A, Nutakki A (2022) Eosinophilic and Non-eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and Their Clinical Comparison in Indian Population. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 74:994–1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-020-02062-x

Chitsuthipakorn W, Seresirikachorn K, Sommer DD, McHugh T, Snidvongs K (2018) Endotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Across Ancestry and Geographic Regions. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 18:46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-018-0800-z

Kim JW, Hong SL, Kim YK, Lee CH, Min YG, Rhee CS (2007) Histological and immunological features of non-eosinophilic nasal polyps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 137:925–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2007.07.036

Soler ZM, Mace JC, Litvack JR, Smith TL (2012) Chronic rhinosinusitis, race, and ethnicity. Am J Rhinol Allergy 26:110–116. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3741

Kim YS, Kim NH, Seong SY, Kim KR, Lee GB, Kim KS (2011) Prevalence and risk factors of chronic rhinosinusitis in Korea. Am J Rhinol Allergy 25:117–121. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3630

Pilan RR, Pinna FR, Bezerra TF, Mori RL, Padua FG, Bento RF, Perez-Novo C, Bachert C, Voegels RL (2012) Prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in Sao Paulo. Rhinology 50:129–138. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhino11.256

(2022) Correction to: Air Pollution Exposure and the Development of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in the Active Duty Population. Mil Med 187:e1247. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac185

Zhao R, Guo Z, Dong W, Deng C, Han Z, Liu J, Wang H, Zhuang G, Zhang R (2018) Effects of PM2.5 on mucus secretion and tissue remodeling in a rabbit model of chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 8:1349–1355. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22182

Tsabouri S, Bleta AG, Nastos PT, Priftis KN (2015) Ambient Environmental risk factors for childhood wheezing illness. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 7:447–468. https://doi.org/10.2741/E742

Fuertes E, Butland BK, Ross Anderson H, Carlsten C, Strachan DP, Brauer M, Group IPTS (2014) Childhood intermittent and persistent rhinitis prevalence and climate and vegetation: a global ecologic analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 113:386–392 e389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2014.06.021

Hoggard M, Waldvogel-Thurlow S, Zoing M, Chang K, Radcliff FJ, Wagner Mackenzie B, Biswas K, Douglas RG, Taylor MW (2018) Inflammatory Endotypes and Microbial Associations in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Front Immunol 9:2065. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02065

Cho DY, Hunter RC, Ramakrishnan VR (2020) The Microbiome and Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 40:251–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2019.12.009

Kern RC, Conley DB, Walsh W, Chandra R, Kato A, Tripathi-Peters A, Grammer LC, Schleimer RP (2008) Perspectives on the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis: an immune barrier hypothesis. Am J Rhinol 22:549–559. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3228

Fujieda S, Imoto Y, Kato Y, Ninomiya T, Tokunaga T, Tsutsumiuchi T, Yoshida K, Kidoguchi M, Takabayashi T (2019) Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergol Int 68:403–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2019.07.002

Ramakrishnan VR, Feazel LM, Gitomer SA, Ir D, Robertson CE, Frank DN (2013) The microbiome of the middle meatus in healthy adults. PLoS One 8:e85507. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085507

Sima Y, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhang L (2023) Precision medicine in chronic rhinosinusitis – using endotype and endotype-driven therapeutic options. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 19:949–958. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2023.2232115

Lanza DC, Kennedy DW (1997) Adult rhinosinusitis defined. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:S1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0194-59989770001-9

Szucs E, Ravandi S, Goossens A, Beel M, Clement PA (2002) Eosinophilia in the ethmoid mucosa and its relationship to the severity of inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 16:131–134.

Czerny MS, Namin A, Gratton MA, Antisdel JL (2014) Histopathological and clinical analysis of chronic rhinosinusitis by subtype. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 4:463–469. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.21304

Holgate ST, Polosa R (2006) The mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of severe asthma in adults. Lancet 368:780–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69288-X

Fruth K, Gosepath J (2016) Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 79:21–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445093

Dykewicz MS, Rodrigues JM, Slavin RG (2018) Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 142:341–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.023

Chua AJ, Jafar A, Luong AU (2023) Update on allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 131:300–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2023.02.018

Nie Z, Xu Z, Fan Y, Guo Y, Chen C, Liu W, Li Y, Lai Y, Shi J, Chen F (2023) Clinical characteristics of central compartment atopic disease in Southern China. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 13:205–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23069

Rubel KE, Lubner RJ, Lopez AA, Li P, Huang LC, Sheng Q, Wu J, Wise SK, DelGaudio JM, Chandra RK, Chowdhury N, Turner JH (2023) Inflammatory characteristics of central compartment atopic disease. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23207

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fernandes AM, Valera FC, Anselmo-Lima WT (2008) Mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in nasal polyposis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 74:279–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31101-0

Grzanka A, Misiolek M, Golusinski W, Jarzab J (2011) Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoids action: implications for treatment of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 268:247–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-010-1330-z

Wang C, Lou H, Wang X, Wang Y, Fan E, Li Y, Wang H, Bachert C, Zhang L (2015) Effect of budesonide transnasal nebulization in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 135:922–929 e926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.018

Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, Orlandi RR, Palmer JN, Patel ZM, Peters A, Walsh SA, Corrigan MD (2015) Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 152:S1-S39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599815572097

Parikh A, Scadding GK, Darby Y, Baker RC (2001) Topical corticosteroids in chronic rhinosinusitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray. Rhinology 39:75–79.

Bachert C, Hamilos DL (2016) Are Antibiotics Useful for Chronic Rhinosinusitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 4:629–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.12.008

Oakley GM, Christensen JM, Sacks R, Earls P, Harvey RJ (2018) Characteristics of macrolide responders in persistent post-surgical rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 56:111–117. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin17.049

Bachert C, Han JK, Wagenmann M, Hosemann W, Lee SE, Backer V, Mullol J, Gevaert P, Klimek L, Prokopakis E, Knill A, Cavaliere C, Hopkins C, Hellings P (2021) EUFOREA expert board meeting on uncontrolled severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and biologics: Definitions and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.013

Gehin M, Lott D, Farine H, Issac M, Strasser D, Sidharta P, Dingemanse J (2019) Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, tolerability and prediction of clinically effective dose of ACT-774312: A novel CRTH2 antagonist. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 124:711–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13197

Legrand F, Klion AD (2015) Biologic therapies targeting eosinophils: current status and future prospects. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 3:167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.01.013

Geng B, Dilley M, Anterasian C (2021) Biologic Therapies for Allergic Rhinitis and Nasal Polyposis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 21:36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-021-01013-y

Liang X, Shi L (2022) Research progress in biologic targeted drug therapy for chronic sinusitis. J Otolaryngol Ophthalmol Shandong Univ 35:03

Lou H, Meng Y, Piao Y, Zhang N, Bachert C, Wang C, Zhang L (2016) Celular phenotyping of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Rhinology 54:150–159. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhino15.271

Stein E, Schneider AL, Harmon R, Racette SD, Reddy AT, Price CPE, Huang JH, Kato A, Shintani-Smith S, Conley DB, Welch KC, Kern RC, Tan BK (2023) Persistent discharge or edema after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis is associated with a type 1 or 3 endotype. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 13:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23042

Jonstam K, Alsharif S, Bogaert S, Suchonos N, Holtappels G, Jae-Hyun Park J, Bachert C (2021) Extent of inflammation in severe nasal polyposis and effect of sinus surgery on inflammation. Allergy 76:933–936. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14550

Ryu G, Dhong HJ, Park M, Hwang NY, Kim DK, Kim HY, Chung SK, Rhee CS, Cho SH, Hong SD, Kim DW (2020) Age-associated changes in chronic rhinosinusitis endotypes. Clin Exp Allergy 50:585–596. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13586

Comments (0)

No login
gif