Zhao Q, Shi Q, Zhu Q, Hu Y, Zhang X (2022) A mini-review of advances in intestinal flora and necrotizing enterocolitis. Lett Appl Microbiol 75:2–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13670

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cai X, Golubkova A, Hunter CJ (2022) Advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. BMC Pediatr 22:225. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03277-3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhou B, Chen K, Lyv Z, Huang D, Liu B, Xu Z, Xiang B, Jin S, Sun X, Li Y (2017) Inflammation and apoptosis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 23:44–56. https://doi.org/10.1097/mib.0000000000000961

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang S, Wei X, Zhong Y, Guo C, Liu X, Wang Z, Tu Y (2023) Programmed death of intestinal epithelial cells in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: a mini-review. Front Pediatr 11:1199878. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1199878

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hackam DJ, Sodhi CP (2022) Bench to bedside—new insights into the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 19:468–479. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-022-00594-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hackam DJ, Sodhi CP (2018) Toll-like receptor-mediated intestinal inflammatory imbalance in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:229-238.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.001

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu C-P, Bi Y-J, Liu D-M, Wang L-Y (2019) Hsa-miR-375 promotes the progression of inflammatory bowel disease by upregulating TLR4. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 23:7543–7549. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201909_18871

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen J, Chen T, Zhou J, Zhao X, Sheng Q, Lv Z (2021) MiR-146a-5p mimic inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome downstream inflammatory factors and CLIC4 in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Front Cell Dev Biol 8:594143. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.594143

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu G, Ma T, Zhou C, Zhao F, Peng K, Li B (2022) β-Carotene attenuates apoptosis and autophagy via PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway in necrotizing enterocolitis model cells IEC-6. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022:2502263. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2502263

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuan Y, Ding D, Zhang N, Xia Z, Wang J, Yang H, Guo F, Li B (2018) TNF-α induces autophagy through ERK1/2 pathway to regulate apoptosis in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis model cells IEC-6. Cell Cycle 17:1390–1402. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2018.1482150

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nolan LS, Parks OB, Good M (2019) A review of the immunomodulating components of maternal breast milk and protection against necrotizing enterocolitis. Nutrients 12:14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010014

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thai JD, Gregory KE (2020) Bioactive factors in human breast milk attenuate intestinal inflammation during early life. Nutrients 12:581. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020581

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nolan LS, Rimer JM, Good M (2020) The role of human milk oligosaccharides and probiotics on the neonatal microbiome and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis: a narrative review. Nutrients 12:3052. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103052

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pegtel DM, Gould SJ (2019) Exosomes. Annu Rev Biochem 88:487–514. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111902

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ng PC, Chan KYY, Leung KT, Tam YH, Yuen TP, Lam HS, Cheung HM, Lee KH, To KF, Li K (2015) Comparative MIRNA expressional profiles and molecular networks in human small bowel tissues of necrotizing enterocolitis and spontaneous intestinal perforation. PLoS One 10:e0135737. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135737

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Masi L, Capobianco I, Magrì C, Marafini I, Petito V, Scaldaferri F (2022) MicroRNAs as innovative biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease and prediction of colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci 23:7991. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147991

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maharshak N, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Aroyo N, Orpaz N, Guberman I, Canaani J, Halpern Z, Dotan I, Berliner S, Soreq H (2013) MicroRNA-132 modulates cholinergic signaling and inflammation in human inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 19:1346–1353. https://doi.org/10.1097/mib.0b013e318281f47d

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung HK, Xiao L, Jaladanki KC, Wang J (2021) Regulation of Paneth cell function by RNA-binding proteins and noncoding RNAs. Cells 10:2107. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10082107

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao J, Yin L, He L (2020) The MicroRNA Landscapes profiling reveals potential signatures of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. J Comput Biol 27:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2019.0183

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hicks SD, Beheshti R, Chandran D, Warren K, Confair A (2022) Infant consumption of microRNA miR-375 in human milk lipids is associated with protection from atopy. Am J Clin Nutr 116:1654–1662. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac266

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Wang Q, Wen J, Wu Y, Man C (2021) MiR-375: a novel multifunctional regulator. Life Sci 275:119323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119323

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Li X, Wang L, Han N, Yin G (2020) miR-375-3p contributes to hypoxia-induced apoptosis by targeting forkhead box P1 (FOXP1) and Bcl2 like protein 2 (Bcl2l2) in rat cardiomyocyte h9c2 cells. Biotechnol Lett 43:353–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-020-03013-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biouss G, Antounians L, Li B, O’Connell JS, Seo S, Catania VD, Guadagno J, Rahman A, Zani-Ruttenstock E, Svergun N, Pierro A, Zani A (2019) Experimental necrotizing enterocolitis induces neuroinflammation in the neonatal brain. J Neuroinflammation 16:97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-019-1481-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu X, Radulescu A, Zorko N, Besner GE (2009) Heparin-Binding EGF-Like growth factor increases intestinal microvascular blood flow in necrotizing enterocolitis. Gastroenterology 137:221–230. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.060

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burge K, Bergner E, Gunasekaran A, Eckert J, Chaaban H (2020) The role of glycosaminoglycans in protection from neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: a narrative review. Nutrients 12:546. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020546

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kalluri R, LeBleu VS (2020) The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science 367:eaau6977. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6977

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pisano C, Galley JD, Elbahrawy M, Wang Y, Farrell A, Brigstock DR, Besner GE (2020) Human breast milk-derived extracellular vesicles in the protection against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 55:54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.09.052

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aarts J, Boleij A, Pieters BCH, Feitsma AL, Van Neerven RJJ, Klooster JPT, M’Rabet L, Arntz OJ, Koenders MI, Van De Loo FAJ (2021) Flood control: how milk-derived extracellular vesicles can help to improve the intestinal barrier function and break the Gut-Joint axis in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 12:703277. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.703277

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Breunig C, Pahl J, Küblbeck M, Miller M, Antonelli D, Erdem N, Wirth C, Will R, Bott A, Cerwenka A, Wiemann S (2017) MicroRNA-519a-3p mediates apoptosis resistance in breast cancer cells and their escape from recognition by natural killer cells. Cell Death Dis 8:e2973. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.364

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cai L, Lai D, Gao J, Wu H, Shi B, Ji H, Tou J (2022) The role and mechanisms of miRNA in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Front Pediatr 10:1053965. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.1053965

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chang Y, Yan W, He X, Zhang L, Li C, Huang H, Nace GW, Geller DA, Lin J, Tsung A (2012) MIR-375 inhibits autophagy and reduces viability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells under hypoxic conditions. Gastroenterology 143:177-187.e8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Król J, Loedige I, Filipowicz W (2010) The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay. Nat Rev Genet 11:597–610. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2843