From the Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.W.C., D.J.P., W.J., K.N., J.K., J.L.W., B.P.E.), UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego; and Comparative Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Research Center (R.C.), Riverside University Health System, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Riverside, California.

Submitted: August 2, 2023, Revised: September 28, 2023, Accepted: October 9, 2023, Published online: October 26, 2023.

This article was presented as an oral podium presentation at the 82nd Annual Meeting of AAST and Clinical Congress of Acute Care Surgery, September 20–23, 2023 in Anaheim, CA.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Todd W. Costantini, MD, FACS, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, 200 W. Arbor Drive #8896, San Diego, CA 92103; email: [email protected].