From the Department of Surgery (L.L.A., N.M.C., S.G.), University of Washington School of Medicine; Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center (L.L.A., X.G.D., M.S.V., F.P.R.), Seattle, WA; Surgical Outcomes Research Center (N.M.C.), Division of Trauma, Burn, and Critical Care Surgery (B.T.S., S.A., T.N.P.), Department of Anesthesiology (M.S.V.), and Department of Pediatrics (F.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Submitted: August 11, 2023, Revised: October 22, 2023, Accepted: October 26, 2023, Published online: December 21, 2023.

This work will be presented as a long-format Oral Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma in Anaheim, CA, September, 2023.

L.L.A. and N.M.C. contributed equally to this work.

Address for correspondence: Lauren L. Agoubi, MD, MA, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box #356410, Seattle, WA 98195; email: [email protected].