Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and the early development of atherosclerosis. Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(23):1650–66. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199806043382302.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Kornitzer M, et al. Parental history of premature coronary heart disease mortality and signs of ischemia on the resting electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33(6):1491–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00067-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Slack J, Evans KA. The increased risk of death from ischemic heart disease in the first-degree relatives of 121 men and 96 women with ischemic heart disease. J Med Genet. 1966;3(4):239–57. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg.3.4.239.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Clegg LX, et al. Carotid wall thickness is predictive of incident clinical stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(5):478–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010233.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davis PH, Dawson JD, Riley WA, et al. Carotid intimal medial thickness is related to cardiovascular risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: the Muscatine Study. Circulation. 2001;104(23):2815–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc4601.099486.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schiel R, Beltschikow W, Radón S, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness and associations with cardiovascular risk factors in obese and overweight children and adolescents. Eur J Med Res. 2007;12(10):503–8.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Consenso ESC 2018 sobre la cuarta definición universal del infarto de miocardio. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2019;72(1):72.e1-e27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2018.11.011.

Article  Google Scholar 

Parmar IB, Singh PH, Singh V. Lipid profile in the progeny of parents with ischemic heart disease. Indian J Pediatr. 2001;68(7):617–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02752274.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelishadi R, Zadegan NS, Naderi GA, et al. Atherosclerosis risk factors in children and adolescents with or without family history of premature coronary artery disease. Med Sci Monit. 2002;8(6):CR425–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gulati S, Saxena A. Study of lipid profile in children of patients with premature coronary artery disease. Indian Pediatr. 2003;40(6):556–60.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makedou A, Kourti M, Makedou K, et al. Lipid profile of children with a family history of coronary heart disease or hyperlipidemia: 9-year experience of an outpatient clinic for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Angiology. 2005;56(4):391–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/000331970505600405.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mendes GA, Martinez TL, Izar MC, et al. Lipid profile and nutrition counseling effects in adolescents with family history of premature coronary artery disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(5):361–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0066-782x2006000500006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Savitha M, Sandeep B. The study of lipid profile, diet and other cardiovascular risk factors in children born to parents having premature ischemic heart disease. Indian J Community Med. 2011;36(4):291–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.91334.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kelishadi R, Sabri M, Motamedi N, et al. Factor analysis of markers of inflammation and oxidation and echocardiographic findings in children with a positive family history of premature coronary heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2009;30(4):477–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-009-9412.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaeta G, De Michelle M, Cuomo S, et al. Arterial abnormalities in the offspring of patients with premature myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(12):840–6. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200009213431203.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cuomo S, Guarini P, Gaeta G, et al. Increased carotid intima–media thickness in children-adolescents, and young adults with a parental history of premature myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(17):1345–50. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.2001.3111.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barra S, Gaeta G, Cuomo S, et al. Early increase of carotid intima-media thickness in children with parental history of premature myocardial infarction. Heart. 2009;95(8):642–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2008.142836.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neuman G, Shavit I, Aronson D, et al. Cross-Sectional analysis of cardiovascular risk factors in children with parental history of premature ischemic heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2011;32(5):628–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-011-9931-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sadasivam K, Nagarajan P, Durai I, et al. Carotid artery intima-media thickness in young adults with family history of coronary artery disease. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(9):CC01-4. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/15386.6462.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Siekmeier R, Scharnagl H, Kostner GM, et al. Lipoprotein(a)-structure, epidemiology, function and diagnostics of a cardiovascular risk marker. Open Clin Chem J. 2008;1:79–91. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874241600801010079.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hernández-Avila M, Romieu I, Parra S, et al. Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intake of women living in Mexico City. Salud Pública Mex. 1998;40:133–40. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-36341998000200005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hernández-Ávila M, Resoles M, Parra S, et al. Sistema de evaluación de hábitos nutricionales y consumo de nutrimentos (SNUT), INSP, Cuernavaca, México

DeLong DM, DeLong ER, Wood PD, et al. A comparison of methods for the estimation of plasma low- and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The lipid research clinics prevalence study. JAMA. 1986;256:2372–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Scanu AM, et al. Use of a reference material proposed by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine to evaluate analytical methods for the determination of plasma lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem. 2000;46(12):1956–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cardoso-Saldaña G, De La Peña-Díaz A, Zamora-González J, et al. Ethnicity and lipoprotein(a) polymorphism in Native Mexican populations. Ann Hum Biol. 2006;33(2):202–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460500520006.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

O’Neal D, Harrip P, Dragicevic G, et al. A comparison of LDL size determination using gradient gel electrophoresis and light scattering methods. J Lipid Res. 1998;39(10):2086–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Esterbauer H, Striegl G, Puhl H, et al. Continuous monitoring of in vitro oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic Res Commun. 1989;6(1):67–75. https://doi.org/10.3109/10715768909073429.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karmansky I, Shnaider H, Palant A, Gruener N. Plasma lipid oxidation and susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to oxidation in male patients with stable coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem. 1996;29(6):573–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9120(96)00072-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eckerson HW, Wyte CM, La Du BN. The human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase polymorphism. Am J Hum Genet. 1983;35(6):1126–38.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hafiane A, Genest J. HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux assay method. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2015 Fall;45(6):659–68.

Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128 Suppl 5(Suppl 5):S213–56. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2107C.

Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, et al. American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(2):93–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2007.11.011.

Stary HC. Evolution and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries of children and young adults. Arteriosclerosis. 1989;9(1 Suppl):I19-32.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strong JP. Natural history and risk factors for early human atherogenesis. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. Clin Chem. 1995;41(1):134–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baber U, Mehran R, Sartori S, et al. Prevalence, impact, and predictive value of detecting subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adults: the BioImage Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(11):1065–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li H, Xu X, Luo B, Zhang Y. The predictive value of carotid ultrasonography with cardiovascular risk factors—a “SPIDER” promoting atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:706490. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.706490. Published 2021 Aug 10.

Lande MB, Carson NL, Roy J, et al. Effects of childhood primary hypertension on carotid intima media thickness: a matched controlled study. Hypertension. 2006;48(1):40–4. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000227029.10536.e8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah AS, Dabelea D, Fino NF, et al. Predictors of increased carotid intima-media thickness in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH CVD study. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(3):418–25. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-1963.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baños-González MA, Anglés-Cano E, Cardoso-Saldaña G, et al. Lipoprotein(a) and homocysteine potentiate the risk of coronary artery disease in male subjects. Circ J. 2012;76(8):1953–7. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-12-0039.