Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49.
Luo J, Yang H, Song B-L. Mechanisms and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21:225–45.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Simons K, Toomre D. Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000;1:31–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Javitt NB. Bile acid synthesis from cholesterol: regulatory and auxiliary pathways. FASEB J. 1994;8:1308–11.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Göbel A, Rauner M, Hofbauer LC, Rachner TD. Cholesterol and beyond: the role of the mevalonate pathway in cancer biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2020;1873: 188351.
Xu H, Zhou S, Tang Q, Xia H, Bi F. Cholesterol metabolism: new functions and therapeutic approaches in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2020;1874: 188394.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee P, Rutland N, Iyer MR. Targeting sterol O-acyltransferase/Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT): a perspective on small-molecule inhibitors and their therapeutic potential. J Med Chem. 2022;65:16062–98.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang L-J, Song B-L. Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 and cholesterol uptake. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1821:964–72.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kober DL, Xu S, Li S, Bajaj B, Liang G, Rosenbaum DM, et al. Identification of a degradation signal at the carboxy terminus of SREBP2: a new role for this domain in cholesterol homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:28080–91.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kuzu OF, Gowda R, Noory MA, Robertson GP. Modulating cancer cell survival by targeting intracellular cholesterol transport. Br J Cancer. 2017;117:513–24.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
He J, Siu MKY, Ngan HYS, Chan KKL. Aberrant cholesterol metabolism in ovarian cancer: identification of novel therapeutic targets. Front Oncol. 2021;11: 738177.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alannan M, Trézéguet V, Amoêdo ND, Rossignol R, Mahfouf W, Rezvani HR, et al. Rewiring lipid metabolism by targeting PCSK9 and HMGCR to treat liver cancer. Cancers. 2022;15:3.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liang B, Chen R, Song S, Wang H, Sun G, Yang H, et al. ASPP2 inhibits tumor growth by repressing the mevalonate pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:830.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cao Z, Fan-Minogue H, Bellovin DI, Yevtodiyenko A, Arzeno J, Yang Q, et al. MYC phosphorylation, activation, and tumorigenic potential in hepatocellular carcinoma are regulated by HMG-CoA reductase. Can Res. 2011;71:2286–97.
Dong L, Xue L, Zhang C, Li H, Cai Z, Guo R. HSP90 interacts with HMGCR and promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep. 2018;19:524–32.
Ogura S, Yoshida Y, Kurahashi T, Egawa M, Furuta K, Kiso S, et al. Targeting the mevalonate pathway is a novel therapeutic approach to inhibit oncogenic FoxM1 transcription factor in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2018;9:21022–35.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cheng J, Ohsaki Y, Tauchi-Sato K, Fujita A, Fujimoto T. Cholesterol depletion induces autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;351:246–52.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cirmena G, Franceschelli P, Isnaldi E, Ferrando L, De Mariano M, Ballestrero A, et al. Squalene epoxidase as a promising metabolic target in cancer treatment. Cancer Lett. 2018;425:13–20.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu D, Wong CC, Fu L, Chen H, Zhao L, Li C, et al. Squalene epoxidase drives NAFLD-induced hepatocellular carcinoma and is a pharmaceutical target. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10:eaap9840.
Shen T, Lu Y, Zhang Q. High squalene epoxidase in tumors predicts worse survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: integrated bioinformatic analysis on NAFLD and HCC. Cancer Control. 2020;27:107327482091466.
Zhao K, Zhao Y, Zhu J, Dong H, Cong W, Yu Y, et al. A panel of genes identified as targets for 8q24.13–24.3 gain contributing to unfavorable overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Med Sci. 2018;38:590–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sun H, Li L, Li W, Yang F, Zhang Z, Liu Z, et al. p53 transcriptionally regulates SQLE to repress cholesterol synthesis and tumor growth. EMBO Rep. 2021;22:525–37.
Zhang Z, Wu W, Jiao H, Chen Y, Ji X, Cao J, et al. Squalene epoxidase promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development by activating STRAP transcription and TGF-β/SMAD signalling. Br J Pharmacol. 2023;180:1562–81.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Moon S-H, Huang C-H, Houlihan SL, Regunath K, Freed-Pastor WA, Morris JP, et al. p53 represses the mevalonate pathway to mediate tumor suppression. Cell. 2019;176:564–80.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Che L, Chi W, Qiao Y, Zhang J, Song X, Liu Y, et al. Cholesterol biosynthesis supports the growth of hepatocarcinoma lesions depleted of fatty acid synthase in mice and humans. Gut. 2020;69:177–86.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhang F, Gao J, Liu X, Sun Y, Liu L, Hu B, et al. LATS-regulated nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation of SREBP2 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion via Epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Mol Carcinog. 2023;62:963–74.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wei M, Nurjanah U, Herkilini A, Huang C, Li Y, Miyagishi M, et al. Unspliced XBP1 contributes to cholesterol biosynthesis and tumorigenesis by stabilizing SREBP2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2022;79:472.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen K-J, Jin R-M, Shi C-C, Ge R-L, Hu L, Zou Q-F, et al. The prognostic value of Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 and Niemann-Pick disease type C2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer. 2018;9:556–63.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Barretto N, Sainz B, Hussain S, Uprichard SL. Determining the involvement and therapeutic implications of host cellular factors in hepatitis C virus cell-to-cell spread. J Virol. 2014;88:5050–61.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Qin S, Chen Y, Zhou L, Yang M, Tang Y, et al. Inhibition of NPC1L1 disrupts adaptive responses of drug-tolerant persister cells to chemotherapy. EMBO Mol Med. 2022;14: e14903.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Criscuolo D, Avolio R, Calice G, Laezza C, Paladino S, Navarra G, et al. Cholesterol homeostasis modulates platinum sensitivity in human ovarian cancer. Cells. 2020;9:828.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang G-M, Chen W, Yao Y, Luo L, Sun L-J. LDLR promotes growth and invasion in renal cell carcinoma and activates the EGFR pathway. Neoplasma. 2022;69:113–22.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zeng J, Wu Y, Liao Q, Li L, Chen X, Chen X. Liver X receptors agonists impede hepatitis C virus infection in an Idol-dependent manner. Antiviral Res. 2012;95:245–56.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhao L-J, Wang L, Ren H, Cao J, Li L, Ke J-S, et al. Hepatitis C virus E2 protein promotes human hepatoma cell proliferation through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway via cellular receptors. Exp Cell Res. 2005;305:23–32.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bhat M, Skill N, Marcus V, Deschenes M, Tan X, Bouteaud J, et al. Decreased PCSK9 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015;15:176.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen Z, Chen L, Sun B, Liu D, He Y, Qi L, et al. LDLR inhibition promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and metastasis by elevating intracellular cholesterol synthesis through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Mol Metab. 2021;51: 101230.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shen S, Wang R, Qiu H, Li C, Wang J, Xue J, et al. Development of an autophagy-based and stemness-correlated prognostic model for hepatocellular carcinoma using bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9: 743910.
Comments (0)