Sànchez-Riera L, Carnahan E, Vos T, et al. The global burden attributable to low bone mineral density. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(9):1635–1645. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204320.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang CY, Fu SH, Yang RS, Shen LI, Wu FL, Hsiao FY. Age- and gender-specific epidemiology, treatment patterns, and economic burden of osteoporosis and associated fracture in Taiwan between 2009 and 2013. Arch Osteoporos. 2017;12(1):92. Published 2017 Oct 25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s116S7-017-0385-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steiger P, Cummings SR, Black DM, Spencer NE, Genant HK. Age-related decrements in bone mineral density in women over 65. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(6):625–632. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650070606.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sallin U, Mellström D, Eggertsen R. Osteoporosis in a nursing home, determined by the DEXA technique. Med Sci Monit. 2005;11(2):CR67–CR70..

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry SD, Daiello LA, Lee Y, et al. Secular Trends in the Incidence of Hip Fracture Among Nursing Home Residents. J Bone Miner Res. 2020;35(9):1668–1675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4032.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beaupre LA, Jones CA, Johnston DW, Wilson DM, Majumdar SR. Recovery of function following a hip fracture in geriatric ambulatory persons living in nursing homes: prospective cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(7):1268–1273. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-S415.2012.04033.x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zimmerman S, Chandler JM, Hawkes W, et al. Effect of fracture on the health care use of nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(13):1502–1508. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.13.1502.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rojas-Fernandez CH, Lapane KL, MacKnight C, Howard KA. Undertreatment of osteoporosis in residents of nursing homes: population-based study with use of the Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Drug Use via Epidemiology (SAGE) database. Endocr Pract. 2002;8(5):335–342. doi:https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.8.5.335.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wright RM. Use of osteoporosis medications in older nursing facility residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007;8(7):453–457. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2007.04.002.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parikh S, Brookhart MA, Stedman M, Avorn J, Mogun H, Solomon DH. Correlations of nursing home characteristics with prescription of osteoporosis medications. Bone. 2011;48(5):1164–1168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.02.006.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, et al. Comparison of 2 frailty indexes for prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and death in older women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(4):382–389. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2007.113.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E. FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(4):385–397. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-007-0543-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shepstone L, Lenaghan E, Cooper C, et al. Screening in the community to reduce fractures in older women (SCOOP): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10122):741–747. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32640-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenspan SL, Perera S, Nace D, et al. FRAX or fiction: determining optimal screening strategies for treatment of osteoporosis in residents in long-term care facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(4):684–690. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03884.x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al. Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis [published correction appears in Osteoporos Int. 2015 Jul;26(7):2045–7]. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(10):2359–2381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Genant HK, Jergas M, Palermo L, et al. Comparison of semiquantitative visual and quantitative morphometric assessment of prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in osteoporosis The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(7):984–996. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650110716.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Varney LF, Parker RA, Vincelette A, Greenspan SL. Classification of osteoporosis and osteopenia in postmenopausal women is dependent on site-specific analysis. J Clin Densitom. 1999;2(3):275–283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1385/jcd:2:3:275.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang CY, Fu SH, Hung CC, et al. Impact of the Requirement of Bone Mineral Density Evidence on Utilization of Anti-osteoporosis Medications, Clinical Outcome and Medical Expenditures of Patient With Hip Fracture in Taiwan. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2022;11(4):470–478. Published 2022 Apr 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2020.169.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenspan SL, Perera S, Ferchak MA, Nace DA, Resnick NM. Efficacy and safety of single-dose zoledronic acid for osteoporosis in frail elderly women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(6):913–921. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0747.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Greenspan SL, Schneider DL, McClung MR, et al. Alendronate improves bone mineral density in elderly women with osteoporosis residing in long-term care facilities. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(10):742–746. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-10-200205210-00009.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zullo AR, Zhang T, Lee Y, et al. Effect of Bisphosphonates on Fracture Outcomes Among Frail Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(4):768–776. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15725.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zullo AR, Lee Y, Lary C, Daiello LA, Kiel DP, Berry SD. Comparative effectiveness of denosumab, teriparatide, and zoledronic acid among frail older adults: a retrospective cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2021;32(3):565–573. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-020-05732-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dollard, KJ., editor. (2001) Facts and Trends: The Nursing Facility Sourcebook. American Health Care Association.

Deardorff WJ, Cenzer I, Nguyen B, Lee SJ. Time to Benefit of Bisphosphonate Therapy for the Prevention of Fractures Among Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182(1):33–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry SD, Zullo AR, Lee Y, et al. Fracture Risk Assessment in Long-term Care (FRAiL): Development and Validation of a Prediction Model. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018;73(6):763–769. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glxl47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar