Wakefield D. Cancer care disparities in the LGBT community. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2021;15:174–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

HRC Foundation. Glossary of terms. Hum Rights Campaign; 2023. [cited 2023 Nov 1]. Available from: https://www.hrc.org/resources/glossary-of-terms

Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Terminology. Health Consid LGBTQ Youth; 2022. [cited 2023 Nov 1]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/terminology/sexual-and-gender-identity-terms.htm

Google Scholar 

Conron KJ, Goldberg SK. Adult LGBT population in the United States. UCLA School of Law Williams Institute; 2020. [cited 2022 Jul 29]. Available from: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LGBT-Adult-US-Pop-Jul-2020.pdf

Google Scholar 

Flores AR, Herman JL, Gates GJ, Brown TNT. How many adults identify as transgender in the United States? vol. 13; 2017.

Google Scholar 

Agénor M, Krieger N, Austin SB, Haneuse S, Gottlieb BR. Sexual orientation disparities in Papanicolaou test use among US women: the role of sexual and reproductive health services. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:e68–73.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heslin KC, Gore JL, King WD, Fox SA. Sexual orientation and testing for prostate and colorectal cancers among men in California. Med Care. 2008;46:1240–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Austin SB, Pazaris MJ, Nichols LP, Bowen D, Wei EK, Spiegelman D. An examination of sexual orientation group patterns in mammographic and colorectal screening in a cohort of U.S. women. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24:539–47.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boehmer U, Ozonoff A, Miao X. An ecological approach to examine lung cancer disparities due to sexual orientation. Public Health. 2012;126:605–12.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boehmer U, Miao X, Maxwell NI, Ozonoff A. Sexual minority population density and incidence of lung, colorectal and female breast cancer in California. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e004461.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Valanis BG. Sexual orientation and health: comparisons in the women’s health initiative sample. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:843–53.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson SS, Patel S, Parker K. Cancer disparities among sexual and gender minority populations. J Natl Med Assoc. 2023;115:S32–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silverberg MJ, Nash R, Becerra-Culqui TA, Cromwell L, Getahun D, Hunkeler E, et al. Cohort study of cancer risk among insured transgender people. Ann Epidemiol. 2017;27:499–501.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haviland K, Burrows Walters C, Newman S. Barriers to palliative care in sexual and gender minority patients with cancer: a scoping review of the literature. Health Soc Care Community. 2021;29:305–18.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamen CS, Smith-Stoner M, Heckler CE, Flannery M, Margolies L. Social support, self-rated health, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender identity disclosure to cancer care providers. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2015;42:44–51.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Webster R, Drury-Smith H. How can we meet the support needs of LGBT cancer patients in oncology? A systematic review. Radiography. 2021;27:633–44.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berner AM, Hughes DJ, Tharmalingam H, Baker T, Heyworth B, Banerjee S, et al. An evaluation of self-perceived knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of UK oncologists about LGBTQ+ patients with cancer. ESMO Open. 2020;5:e000906.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schabath MB, Blackburn CA, Sutter ME, Kanetsky PA, Vadaparampil ST, Simmons VN, et al. National survey of oncologists at national cancer institute–designated comprehensive cancer centers: attitudes, knowledge, and practice behaviors about LGBTQ patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37:547–58.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cathcart-Rake EJ. Cancer in sexual and gender minority patients: are we addressing their needs? Curr Oncol Rep. 2018;20:85.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Dam MAA, Koh AS, Dibble SL. Lesbian disclosure to health care providers and delay of care. J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 2001;5:11–9.

Boehmer U, Case P. Physicians don’t ask, sometimes patients tell: disclosure of sexual orientation among women with breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101:1882–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Durso LE, Meyer IH. Patterns and predictors of disclosure of sexual orientation to healthcare providers among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Sex Res Soc Policy. 2013;10:35–42.

Google Scholar 

Bernstein KT. Same-sex attraction disclosure to health care providers among new york city men who have sex with men: implications for HIV testing approaches. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1458.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Margolies L, Scout N. LGBT patient-centered outcomes: cancer survivors teach us how to improve care for all.. 2013 [cited 2023 Feb 25]. Available from: www.cancer-network.org/patient_centered_outcomes

Google Scholar 

Ruben MA, Fullerton M. Proportion of patients who disclose their sexual orientation to healthcare providers and its relationship to patient outcomes: a meta-analysis and review. Patient Educ Couns. 2018;101:1549–60.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoyt MA, Darabos K, Llave K. Disparities in health-related quality of life among lesbian, gay, and bisexual cancer survivors. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2023;41:6:661–72.

Boehmer U, Jesdale BM, Streed CG, Agénor M. Intersectionality and cancer survivorship: sexual orientation and racial/ethnic differences in physical and mental health outcomes among female and male cancer survivors. Cancer. 2022;128:284–91.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129:674–97.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Power R, Ussher JM, Perz J, Allison K, Hawkey AJ. “Surviving discrimination by pulling together”: LGBTQI cancer patient and carer experiences of minority stress and social support. Front Oncol. 2022;12:918016.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boehmer U. LGBT populations’ barriers to cancer care. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2018;34:21–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamen CS, Alpert A, Margolies L, Griggs JJ, Darbes L, Smith-Stoner M, et al. “Treat us with dignity”: a qualitative study of the experiences and recommendations of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) patients with cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2019;27:2525–32.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Margolies L, Brown CG. Current state of knowledge about cancer in lesbians, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2018;34:3–11.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Griggs J, Maingi S, Blinder V, Denduluri N, Khorana AA, Norton L, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology position statement: strategies for reducing cancer health disparities among sexual and gender minority populations. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:7.

Google Scholar 

Kano M, Sanchez N, Tamí-Maury I, Solder B, Watt G, Chang S. Addressing cancer disparities in SGM populations: recommendations for a national action plan to increase SGM health equity through researcher and provider training and education. J Cancer Educ. 2020;35:44–53.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thompson HS. Tackling racial disparities through novel approaches to engage communities in research; 2021. [cited 2022 Apr 19]. Available from: https://cancerletter.com/trials-and-tribulations/20210129_9/

Thompson HS, Littles M, Jacob S, Coker C. Posttreatment breast cancer surveillance and follow-up care experiences of breast cancer survivors of African descent: An Exploratory Qualitative Study. Cancer Nurs. 2006;29:478.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dyer KE, Shires DA, Flocke SA, Hawley ST, Jones RM, Resnicow K, et al. Patient-reported needs following a referral for colorectal cancer screening. Am J Prev Med. 2019;56:271–80.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saldaña J. The coding manual for qualitative researchers. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 2013.

Google Scholar 

Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77–101.

Google Scholar 

Creswell J, Poth CN. Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 2007. [cited 2020 Apr 16]. Available from: https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-inquiry-and-research-design/book246896

Google Scholar 

Morrow SL. Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology. J Couns Psychol. 2005;52:250–60.

Google Scholar 

Nowell LS, Norris JM, White DE, Moules NJ. Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. Int J Qual Methods. 2017;16(1):1609406917733847.

Padgett D. Qualitative methods in social work research. 3rd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE; 2017.

Google Scholar 

Matthews AK, Peterman AH, Delaney P, Menard L, Brandenburg D. A Qualitative exploration of the experiences of lesbian and heterosexual patients with breast cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2002;29:1455–62.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matthews AK. Lesbians and cancer support: clinical issues for cancer patients. Health Care Women Int. 1998;19:193–203.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cahill S, Makadon H. Sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in clinical settings and in electronic health records: a key to ending LGBT health disparities. LGBT Health. 2014;1:34–41.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katz A. Gay and lesbian patients with cancer. In: Cancer Sex Health. Humana Press; 2011. p. 397–403.

Google Scholar 

Wells-Prado DR, Ross MW, Rosser BRS, Polter EJ, Capistrant BD, Haggart R, et al. Prostate cancer disclosure and sexual orientation: understanding outness to healthcare providers as a situational or consistent phenomenon. Patient Educ Couns. 2022;105(7):2033–7.

McConkey RW, Holborn C. Exploring the lived experience of gay men with prostate cancer: A phenomenological study. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2018;33:62–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rose D, Ussher JM, Perz J. Let’s talk about gay sex: gay and bisexual men’s sexual communication with healthcare professionals after prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2017;26:e12469.

Google Scholar 

Brown MT, McElroy JA. Unmet support needs of sexual and gender minority breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26:1189–96.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

St. Pierre M. Under what conditions do lesbians disclose their sexual orientation to primary healthcare providers? A review of the literature. J Lesbian Stud. 2012;16:199–219.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williamson LD, Smith MA, Bigman CA. Does discrimination breed mistrust? Examining the role of mediated and non-mediated discrimination experiences in medical mistrust. J Health Commun. 2019;24:791–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hostetter J, Schwarz N, Klug M, Wynne J, Basson MD. Primary care visits increase utilization of evidence-based preventative health measures. BMC Fam Pract. 2020;21:151.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rubin G, Berendsen A, Crawford SM, Dommett R, Earle C, Emery J, et al. The expanding role of primary care in cancer control. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1231–72.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities. The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: building a foundation for better understanding. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. [cited 2020 Nov 12]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64806/

Google Scholar 

Kamen C, Mustian KM, Dozier A, Bowen DJ, Li Y. Disparities in psychological distress impacting lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender cancer survivors: distress among LGBT cancer survivors. Psychooncology. 2015;24:1384–91.