Parsonage B, Hagglund PK, Keogh L, Wheelhouse N, Brown RE, Dancer SJ. Control of antimicrobial resistance requires an ethical approach. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2124.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Abimbola SO, Otieno MA, Cole J. Reducing the use of antimicrobials as a solution to the challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR): approaching an ethical dilemma through the lens of planetary health. Challenges. 2021;12(2):23.
Medina MJ, Legido-Quigley H, Hsu LY. Antimicrobial resistance in one health. In: Masys AJ, Izurieta R, Reina OM, editors. Global health security. Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 209–29.
World Health Organization. Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS) report. 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027336. Accessed 16 Nov 2022.
Bloom DE, Cadarette D. Infectious disease threats in the twenty-first century: strengthening the global response. Front Immunol. 2019;10:549.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Majumder MAA, Rahman S, Cohall D, Bharatha A, Singh K, Haque M, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship: fighting antimicrobial resistance and protecting global public health. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:4713–38.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sulis G, Sayood S, Gandra S. Antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2022;20(2):147–60.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):629–55.
Cantas L, Shah SQ, Cavaco LM, Manaia CM, Walsh F, Popowska M, et al. A brief multi-disciplinary review on antimicrobial resistance in medicine and its linkage to the global environmental microbiota. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:96.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dik JW, Hendrix R, Poelman R, Niesters HG, Postma MJ, Sinha B, et al. Measuring the impact of antimicrobial stewardship programs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14(6):569–75.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nathwani D, Varghese D, Stephens J, Ansari W, Martin S, Charbonneau C. Value of hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs [ASPs]: a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):35.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care. Antimicrobial stewardship: systems and processes for effective antimicrobial medicine use. NICE guideline [NG15]. 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng15. Accessed 24 March 2023
Heil EL, Kuti JL, Bearden DT, Gallagher JC. The essential role of pharmacists in antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(7):753–4.
Charani E, Castro-Sanchez E, Holmes A. The role of behavior change in antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2014;28(2):169–75.
National Drug Authority. The national drug policy and authority act. 2023 https://www.nda.or.ug/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/National-Drug-Policy-Authority-Act-Cap-206.pdf. Accessed 4 June 2023
Lugada E, Komakech H, Ochola I, Mwebaze S, Olowo Oteba M, Okidi LD. Health supply chain system in Uganda: current issues, structure, performance, and implications for systems strengthening. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2022;15(1):14.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Konde-Lule J, Okuonzi S, Matsiko C, Mukanga D, Onama V, Gitta SN. The Potential of the Private sector to improve health outcomes in Uganda. 2006 https://nru.uncst.go.ug/xmlui/handle/123456789/8509. Accessed 2 Nov 2022.
Mukonzo JK, Namuwenge PM, Okure G, Mwesige B, Namusisi OK, Mukanga D. Over-the-counter suboptimal dispensing of antibiotics in Uganda. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2013;6:303–10.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mayora C, Kitutu FE, Kandala NB, Ekirapa-Kiracho E, Peterson SS, Wamani H. Private retail drug shops: what they are, how they operate, and implications for health care delivery in rural Uganda. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):532.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Smith F. The quality of private pharmacy services in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Pharm World Sci. 2009;31(3):351–61.
Mbonye AK, Buregyeya E, Rutebemberwa E, Clarke SE, Lal S, Hansen KS, et al. Prescription for antibiotics at drug shops and strategies to improve quality of care and patient safety: a cross-sectional survey in the private sector in Uganda. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3): e010632.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Namugambe JS, Delamou A, Moses F, Ali E, Hermans V, Takarinda K, et al. National antimicrobial consumption: analysis of central warehouses supplies to in-patient care health facilities from 2017 to 2019 in Uganda. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2021;6(2):83.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Essack S, Bell J, Shephard A. Community pharmacists-Leaders for antibiotic stewardship in respiratory tract infection. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2018;43(2):302–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Olamijuwon E, Konje E, Kansiime C, Kesby M, Keenan K, Neema S, et al. Antibiotic dispensing practices during COVID-19 and implications for Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): parallel mystery client studies in Uganda and Tanzania. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;12(1):10.
Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Hashmi FK, Godman B, Saleem F. Antimicrobial dispensing practices and determinants of antimicrobial resistance: a qualitative study among community pharmacists in Pakistan. Fam Med Community Health. 2019;7(3): e000138.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Horumpende PG, Sonda TB, van Zwetselaar M, Antony ML, Tenu FF, Mwanziva CE, et al. Prescription and non-prescription antibiotic dispensing practices in part I and part II pharmacies in Moshi Municipality, Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania: a simulated clients approach. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(11): e0207465.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sakeena MHF, Bennett AA, McLachlan AJ. Non-prescription sales of antimicrobial agents at community pharmacies in developing countries: a systematic review. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;52(6):771–82.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kagoya EK, Royen KV, Waako P, Royen PV, Iramiot JS, Obakiro SB, et al. Experiences and views of healthcare professionals on the prescription of antibiotics in Eastern Uganda: a qualitative study. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2021;25:66–71.
Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AKM, Wertheim HFL, Sumpradit N, et al. Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(12):1057–98.
Belachew SA, Hall L, Erku DA, Selvey LA. No prescription? No problem: drivers of non-prescribed sale of antibiotics among community drug retail outlets in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1056.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Driesen A, Verbeke K, Simoens S, Laekeman G. International trends in lifelong learning for pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ. 2007;71(3):52.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Raising awareness and educating on antimicrobial resistance. 2022. https://www.who.int/activities/raising-awareness-and-educating-on-antimicrobial-resistance. Accessed 7 Nov 2022.
van den Bergh D, Messina AP, Goff DA, van Jaarsveld A, Coetzee R, de Wet Y, et al. A pharmacist-led prospective antibiotic stewardship intervention improves compliance to community-acquired pneumonia guidelines in 39 public and private hospitals across South Africa. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(6): 106189.
Kerr F, Sefah IA, Essah DO, Cockburn A, Afriyie D, Mahungu J, et al. Practical pharmacist-led interventions to improve antimicrobial stewardship in Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. Pharmacy. 2021;9(3):124.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Otieno PA, Campbell S, Maley S, Obinju Arunga T, Otieno OM. A systematic review of pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Clin Pract. 2022;2022:3639943.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tropical Health and Education Trust. Commonwealth Partnerships for Antimicrobial Stewardship Scheme. In: THET Partnerships for Global Health. 2023. https://www.thet.org/our-work/grants/cwpams/. Accessed 15 Nov 2022.
Musoke D, Namata C, Lubega GB, Kitutu FE, Mugisha L, Amir S, et al. Access, use and disposal of antimicrobials among humans and animals in Wakiso district, Uganda: a qualitative study. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2021;14(1):69.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Uganda Bureau of Statistics. The National Population and Housing Census 2014–Main report. 2016. https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/03_20182014_National_Census_Main_Report.pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2022.
National Drug Authority. Licensed Outlets. 2022. https://www.nda.or.ug/licensed-outlets/. Accessed 12 Oct 2022.
Dyar OJ, Huttner B, Schouten J, Pulcini C. What is antimicrobial stewardship? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(11):793–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lim K, Broom A, Olsen A, Seale H. Community pharmacists as antimicrobial guardians and gatekeepers—a qualitative study of the perspectives of pharmacy sector stakeholders. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2022;9: 100212.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jean-Baptiste T, Carpenter JF, Dahl K, Derameau W, Veillard R, Jacquet JR, et al. Substandard quality of the antimicrobials sold in the street markets in Haiti. Antibiotics. 2020;9(7):407.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nayiga S, Kayendeke M, Nabirye C, Willis LD, Chandler CIR, Staedke SG. Use of antibiotics to treat humans and animals in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey of households and farmers in rural, urban and peri-urban settings. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2020;2(4):dlaa082.
Comments (0)