Bennett MI, Kaasa S, Barke A, et al. The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic cancer-related pain. Pain. 2019;160(1):38–44.
Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, et al. The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(6):968–74.
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;10053:1545–602.
Koes BW, Van Tulder MW, Ostelo R, et al. Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care. Spine. 2001;26(22):2504–13.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wheeler LP, Karran EL, Harvie DS. Low back Pain. RACGP. 2018;47(9):610–3.
Downie A, Williams C, Henschke N, et al. Red flags to screen for malignancy and fracture in patients with low back pain: systematic review. BMJ. 2013;347.
Bardin LD, King P, Maher CG. Diagnostic triage for low back pain: a practical approach for primary care. Med J Aust. 2017;206:268–73.
Oliveira CB, Maher CG, Pinto RZ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview. Eur Spine J. 2018;27:2791–803.
O’Connell NE, Cook CE, Wand BM, et al. Clinical guidelines for low back pain: a critical review of consensus and inconsistencies across three major guidelines. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2016;30(6):968–80.
Hussein AM, Choy Y, Singh D, et al. Malaysian low back pain management guideline Malaysian association for the study of pain, first edition. 2016. http://www.masp.org.my/index.cfm?&menuid=23. Accessed 1 May 2022.
Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines on the diagnosis and management of low back pain. 2011. http://parm.com.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/PARM-Low-Back-Pain-CPG-2011-1.pdf.
Pohjolainen T, Leinonen V, Franten J, et al. Update on current care guideline: low back pain. Duodecim. 2015;131(1):92–4.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management 2016. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2016. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng59. Accessed 1 May 2022.
Ackermann E, Litt J, Morgan M. Prescribing drugs of dependence in general practice, Part C1: Opioids. (Prescribing drugs of dependence in general practice). The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. 2017. https://www.racgp.org.au/your-practice/guidelines/drugs-of-dependence-c/.
Makary MA, Overton HN, Wang P. Overprescribing is major contributor to opioid crisis. BMJ. 2017;359:4792.
Rutkow L, Vernick JS. Emergency legal authority and the opioid crisis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(26):2512–4.
Murthy VH. Ending opioid epidemic—a call to action. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:2413–5.
Mathieson S, Valenti L, Maher CG, et al. Worsening trends in analgesics recommended for spinal pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2018;27:1136–45.
Davies E, Sewell B, Jones M, et al. Examining opioid prescribing trends for non-cancer pain using an estimated oral morphine equivalence measure: a retrospective cohort study between 2005 and 2015. BJGP Open. 2021;5:1.
Jani M, Girard N, Bates DW, et al. Opioid prescribing among new users for non-cancer pain in the USA, Canada, UK, and Taiwan: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2021;18(11):e1003829. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003829.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Karanges EA, Blanch B, Buckley NA, et al. Twenty-five years of prescription opioid use in Australia: a whole-of-population analysis using pharmaceutical claims. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;82:255–67.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mathieson S, Wertheimer G, Maher CG, et al. What proportion of patients with chronic noncancer pain are prescribed an opioid medicine? systematic review and meta-regression of observational studies. J Intern Med. 2020;287(5):458–74.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Braden JB, Fan MY, Edlund MJ, et al. Trends in use of opioids by noncancer pain type 2000–2005 among Arkansas Medicaid and HealthCore enrollees: results from the TROUP study. J Pain. 2008;9:1026–35.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Foy R, Leaman B, McCrorie C, et al. Prescribed opioids in primary care: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of influence of patient and practice characteristics. BMJ Open. 2016;6: e010276.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bedson J, Chen Y, Hayward RA, et al. Trends in long-term opioid prescribing in primary care patients with musculoskeletal conditions: an observational database study. Pain. 2016;157:1525–31.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zin CS, Chen LC, Knaggs RD. Changes in trends and pattern of strong opioid prescribing in primary care. Eur J Pain. 2014;18:1343–51.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kao MCJ, Minh LC, Huang GY, et al. Trends in ambulatory physician opioid prescription in the United States, 1997–2009. PM&R. 2014;6:575–82.
Hamilton M, Mathieson S, Gnjidic D, et al. Barriers, facilitators and resources to opioid deprescribing in primary care: experiences of general practitioners in Australia. Pain. 2022;168:518–26.
McCrorie C, Closs J, House A, et al. Understanding long-term opioid prescribing for non-cancer pain in primary care: a qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2015;16:121.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Palagyi A, Keay L, Harper J, et al. Barricades and brickwalls—a qualitative study exploring perceptions of medication use and deprescribing in long-term care. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:15.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Penney LS, Ritenbaugh C, Debar LL, et al. Provider and patient perspectives on opioids and alternative treatments for managing chronic pain: a qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2016;17:164.
Soekhai V, de Bekker-Grob EW, Ellis AR, et al. Discrete choice experiments in health economics: past. Present Future Pharmacoeconomics. 2019;37(2):201–26.
Turk D, Boeri M, Abraham L, et al. Patient preferences for osteoarthritis pain and chronic low back pain treatments in the United States: a discrete-choice experiment. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2020;28:1202–13.
Kløjgaard ME, Manniche C, Bjørnskov Pedersen L, et al. Patient preferences for treatment of low back pain—a discrete choice experiment. Value Health. 2014;17:390–6.
Hauber AB, Arden NK, Mohamed AF, et al. A discrete-choice experiment of United Kingdom patients’ willingness to risk adverse events for improved function and pain control in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;221:289–97.
Mühlbacher AC, Junker U, Juhnke C, et al. Chronic pain patients’ treatment preferences: a discrete-choice experiment. Eur J Health Econ. 2015;16:613–28.
Davari M, Khorasani E, Molla TB. Factors influencing prescribing decisions of physicians: a review. Ethiop J Sci. 2018;28(6):795.
Ryan M. Discrete choice experiments in health care. BMJ. 2004;328(7436):360–1.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bridges JF, Hauber AB, Marshall D, et al. Conjoint analysis applications in health–a checklist: a report of the ISPOR Good Research Practices for Conjoint Analysis Task Force. Value Health. 2011;14(4):403–13.
Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande LM, et al. Opioids compared with placebo or other treatments for chronic low back pain: an update of the Cochrane review. Spine. 2014;39(7):556–63.
Machado GC, Maher CM, Ferreira PH, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(7):1269–78.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG, Williams KA, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and dose-dependent effects of opioid analgesics for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(7):958–68.
Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, et al. Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ. 2015;350: h1225.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Williams CM, Maher CG, Latimer J, et al. Efficacy of paracetamol for acute low-back pain: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;384:1586–96.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Australian Medicines Handbook 2020 (online). Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd; 2020 July. https://amhonline.amh.net.au/. Accessed 01 May 2022
Els C, Jackson TD, Kunyk D, et al. Adverse events associated with medium- and long-term use of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10:CD012509.
Comments (0)