Zhang Q, Goodman M, Adams N, Corneil T, Hashemi L, Kreukels B, et al. Epidemiological considerations in transgender health: a systematic review with focus on higher quality data. Int J Transgend Health. 2020;21:125–37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garz M, Schröder J, Nieder T, Becker I, Biedermann S, Hildebrandt T, et al. Body image and sexual desire in the context of gender affirming therapy: results of a cross-sectional multi-centered transgender study. J Sex Marital Ther. 2021;47:435–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Nik-Ahd F, Jarjour A, Figueiredo J, Anger JT, Garcia M, Carroll PR, et al. Prostate-specific antigen screening in transgender patients. Eur Urol. 2023;83:48–54. Non-systematic review of the literature regarding PCa screening in transgender women

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iwamoto SJ, Grimstad F, Irwig MS, Rothman MS. Routine screening for transgender and gender diverse adults taking gender-affirming hormone therapy: a narrative review. J Gen Intern Med. 2021:1380–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06634-7.

•• Bertoncelli Tanaka M, Sahota K, Burn J, Falconer A, Winkler M, Ahmed HU, et al. Prostate cancer in transgender women: what does a urologist need to know? BJU Int. 2022;129:113–22. Non-systematic review of the literature with excellent food for thought regarding the management of transgender women with PCa.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Safer JD, Coleman E, Feldman J, Garofalo R, Hembree W, Radix A, et al. Barriers to health care for transgender individuals HHS public access. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2016;23:168–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bramer WM, Rethlefsen ML, Kleijnen J, Franco OH. Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: a prospective exploratory study. Syst Rev. 2017;6:245.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Methley AM, Campbell S, Chew-Graham C, McNally R, Cheraghi-Sohi S. PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14(1):1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Murad MH, Sultan S, Haffar S, Bazerbachi F. Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports. Evid Based Med. 2018;23:60–3.

Google Scholar 

Howick J, Chalmers I, Glasziou P, Greenhalgh T, Heneghan C, Liberati A, et al. The 2011 Oxford CEBM levels of evidence. Last access: 20/09/2023. Available from: https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/ocebm-levels-of-evidence

Markland C. Transexual surgery. Obstet Gynecol Annu. 1975;4:309–30.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thurston A. Carcinoma of the prostate in a transsexual. Br J Urol. 1994;73:217.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Haarst EP, Newling DWW, Gooren LJG, Asscheman H, Prenger DM. Metastatic prostatic carcinoma in a male-to-female transsexual. Br J Urol. 1998;81:776.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miksad R, Bubley G, Church P, Sanda M, Rofsky N, Kaplan I, et al. Prostate cancer in a transgender woman 41 years after initiation of feminization. JAMA. 2006;296:2316–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dorff TB, Shazer RL, Nepomuceno EM, Tucker SJ. Successful treatment of metastatic androgen-independent prostate carcinoma in a transsexual patient. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2007;5:344–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turo R, Jallad S, Prescott S, Cross W. Metastatic prostate cancer in transsexual diagnosed after three decades of estrogen therapy. Can Urol Assoc J . 2013;7:e544–e546.

Ellent E, Matrana MR. Metastatic prostate cancer 35 years after sex reassignment surgery. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2016;14:e207–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharif A, Malhotra NR, Acosta AM, Kajdacsy-Balla AA, Bosland M, Guzman G, et al. The development of prostate adenocarcinoma in a transgender male to female patient: could estrogen therapy have played a role? Prostate. 2017;77:824–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deebel NA, Morin JP, Autorino R, Vince R, Grob B, Hampton LJ. Prostate cancer in transgender women: incidence, etiopathogenesis, and management challenges. Urology. 2017;110:166–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ingham MD, Lee RJ, MacDermed D, Olumi AF. Prostate cancer in transgender women. Urol Oncol. 2018;36:518–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sada YH. A Dozen Eggs. J Clin Oncol. 2021;9:3645–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

• Baraban E, Ding C-KC, White M, Vohra P, Simko J, Boyle K, et al. Prostate cancer in male-to-female transgender individuals histopathologic findings and association with gender-affirming hormonal therapy. Am J Surg Pathol. 2022;46:1650–8. Histopathological information and physiopathological insights.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crowley F, Mihalopoulos M, Gaglani S, Tewari AK, Tsao C-K, Djordjevic M, et al. Prostate cancer in transgender women: considerations for screening, diagnosis and management. Br J Cancer. 2023;128:177–89.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chandran K, Grochot R, De MD ML, Yuan W, Gurel B, Miranda S, et al. A transgender patient with prostate cancer: lessons learnt. Eur Urol. 2023;83:379–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Gooren L, Morgentaler A. Prostate cancer incidence in orchidectomised male-to-female transsexual persons treated with oestrogens. Andrologia. 2014;46:1156–60. Epidemiological data and pathophysiological insights

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silverberg MJ, Nash R, Becerra-Culqui TA, Cromwell L, Getahun D, Hunkeler E, et al. Cohort study of cancer risk among insured transgender people. Ann Epidemiol. 2017;27:499–501.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tabaac AR, Sutter ME, Wall CSJ, Baker KE. Gender identity disparities in cancer screening behaviors. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54:385–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nash R, Ward KC, Jemal A, Sandberg DE, Tangpricha V, Goodman M. Frequency and distribution of primary site among gender minority cancer patients: an analysis of U.S. national surveillance data. Cancer Epidemiol. 2018;54:1–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pratt-Chapman ML, Ward AR. Provider recommendations are associated with cancer screening of transgender and gender-nonconforming people: a cross-sectional urban survey. Transgend Health. 2020;5:80–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Nie I, de Blok CJM, van der Sluis TM, Barbé E, Pigot GLS, Wiepjes CM, et al. Prostate cancer incidence under androgen deprivation: nationwide cohort study in trans women receiving hormone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:E3293–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma SJ, Oladeru OT, Wang K, Attwood K, Singh AK, Haas-Kogan DA, et al. Prostate cancer screening patterns among sexual and gender minority individuals. Eur Urol. 2021;79:588–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Jackson SS, Han X, Mao Z, Nogueira L, Suneja G, Jemal A. Cancer stage, treatment, and survival among transgender patients in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113:1221–7. Data on PCa stage, treatment, and mortality in transgender women

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pitak-Arnnop P, Messer-Peti R, Tangmanee C, Neff A, Meningaud JP. Prostate cancer awareness among transgender women after gender-affirming surgery. Prostate. 2022;82:1060–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marthi S, O’Rourke TK, Tucci C, Pareek G, Hyams E. The state of PSA counseling in male-to-female transgender patients in the U.S. Prostate. 2022;82:1315–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Nik-Ahd F, De Hoedt A, Butler C, Anger JT, Carroll PR, Cooperberg MR, et al. Prostate cancer in transgender women in the Veterans Affairs Health System, 2000-2022. JAMA. 2023;329:1877–9. The largest cohort of transgender women with prostate cancer reported to date

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mottet N, Cornford P, Van den Bergh R, Eberli D, De Meerleer G, De Santis M, et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Edn presented at the EAU Annual Congress Milan 2023.

Weyers S, De Sutter P, Hoebeke P, Monstrey S, Sjoen T, Verstraelen H, et al. Gynaecological aspects of the treatment and follow-up of transsexual men and women. F, V & V iN ObGyN. 2010;2:35–54.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Elzanaty S, Rezanezhad B, Dohle G. Association between serum testosterone and PSA levels in middle-aged healthy men from the general population. Curr Urol. 2017;10:40–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ditonno F, Franco A, Manfredi C, Veccia A, Valerio M, Bukavina L, et al. Novel non-MRI imaging techniques for primary diagnosis of prostate cancer: micro-ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, elastography, multiparametric ultrasound, and PSMA PET/CT. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2023;

Calace FP, Napolitano L, Arcaniolo D, Stizzo M, Barone B, Crocetto F, et al. Micro-ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of prostate and bladder cancer: a comprehensive review. Medicina. 2022;58(11):1624.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fusco F, Emberton M, Arcaniolo D, De Nunzio C, Manfredi C, Creta M. Prostatic high-resolution micro-ultrasound: an attractive step-forward in the management of prostate cancer patients. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2023;26:521–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manfredi C, Fernández-Pascual E, Arcaniolo D, Emberton M, Sanchez-Salas R, Artigas Guix C, et al. The role of prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging in primary and recurrent prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol Focus. 2022;8:942–57.

Article  PubMed  Goo