Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster JY. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30:3–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borgström F, Karlsson L, Ortsäter G, Norton N, Halbout P, Cooper C et al. Fragility fractures in Europe: burden, management and opportunities. Arch Osteoporos. 2020;15.

Al Saedi A, Feehan J, Phu S, Duque G. Current and emerging biomarkers of frailty in the elderly. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:389–98.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC. McCloskey E V. A brief history of FRAX. Archives of Osteoporosis. 2018;13.

Leslie WD, Majumdar SR, Morin SN, Lix LM. Why does rate of bone density loss not predict fracture risk? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:679–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lorentzon M, Branco J, Brandi ML, Bruyère O, Chapurlat R, Cooper C, et al. Algorithm for the use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the diagnosis, Assessment and Follow-Up of treatment for osteoporosis. Adv Ther. 2019;36:2811–24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

El Miedany Y. FRAX: re-adjust or re-think. Archives of Osteoporosis. 2020;15:1–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sheehan KJ, Williamson L, Alexander J, Filliter C, Sobolev B, Guy P, et al. Prognostic factors of functional outcome after hip fracture surgery: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2018;47:661–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun X, Chen Y, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Qin L, Song J, et al. Prediction models for osteoporotic fractures risk: a systematic review and critical Appraisal. Aging and Disease. 2022;13:1215–38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu Q, Xiao X, Xu Y. Performance of FRAX in predicting fractures in US postmenopausal women with varied race and genetic profiles. J Clin Med. 2020;9.

Vandenput L, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, Liu E, Åkesson KE, Anderson FA, et al. Update of the fracture risk prediction tool FRAX: a systematic review of potential cohorts and analysis plan. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33:2103–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rachner TD, Khosla S, Hofbauer LC. Osteoporosis: now and the future. Lancet (London England). 2011;377:1276–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang H, Recker R, Lee WNP, Xiao GG. Proteomics in bone research. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2010;7:103–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sponholtz TR, Zhang X, Fontes JDT, Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Kiel DP, et al. Association between inflammatory biomarkers and bone mineral density in a community-based cohort of men and women. Arthritis Care Res. 2014;66:1233–40.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nielson CM, Wiedrick J, Shen J, Jacobs J, Baker ES, Baraff A, et al. Identification of hip BMD loss and fracture risk markers through Population-Based serum proteomics. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32:1559–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaput CD, Dangott LJ, Rahm MD, Hitt KD, Stewart DS, Sampson HW. A proteomic study of protein variation between osteopenic and age-matched control bone tissue. Exp Biol Med. 2012;237:491–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rollín R, Marco F, Camafeita E, Calvo E, López-Durán L, Jover JÁ, et al. Differential proteome of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from osteoarthritis patients. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2008;16:929–35.

Article  Google Scholar 

Im G, Il, Kim MK. The relationship between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2014;32:101–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bultink IEM, Lems WF. Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis: what is the overlap? Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15.

Franklin J, Englund M, Ingvarsson T, Lohmander S. The association between hip fracture and hip osteoarthritis: a case-control study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11:274.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nagy E, Nagy-Finna C, Popoviciu H-V, Kovács B. Soluble biomarkers of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, from pathway mapping to clinical trials: an update. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:501–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang W, Gao R, Rong X, Zhu S, Cui Y, Liu H et al. Immunoporosis: role of immune system in the pathophysiology of different types of osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13.

Ahmad SS, Ahmed F, Ali R, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Najmi AK, et al. Immunology of osteoporosis: relevance of inflammatory targets for the development of novel interventions. Immunotherapy. 2022;14:815–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pertusa C, Tarín JJ, Cano A, García-Pérez MÁ, Mifsut D. Serum microRNAs in osteoporotic fracture and osteoarthritis: a genetic and functional study. Sci Rep. 2021;11:19372.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sedlář M, Kudrnová Z, Trča S, Mazoch J, Malíková I, Kvasnička J, et al. Inflammatory response in patients undergoing hip surgery due to osteoarthrosis or different types of hip fractures. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2008;16:26–33.

Article  Google Scholar 

Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D, Bloch D, Borenstein D, Brandt K, et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:505–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conwell Y, Forbes NT, Cox C, Caine ED. Validation of a measure of physical illness burden at autopsy: the cumulative illness rating scale. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:38–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

MAHONEY FI, BARTHEL DW. FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION: THE BARTHEL INDEX. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61–5.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

MK H, KM G, MR M. L P-B. Clinical gait assessment in the neurologically impaired. Reliability and meaningfulness. Phys Ther. 1984;64:35–40.

Article  Google Scholar 

Morley JE, Malmstrom TK, Miller DK. A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged african americans. J Nutr Heal Aging. 2012;16:601–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lemmink KAPM, Han K, De Greef MHG, Rispens P, Stevens M. Reliability of the Groningen Fitness Test for the Elderly. J Aging Phys Act. 2001;9:194–212.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dodds RM, Syddall HE, Cooper R, Benzeval M, Deary IJ, Dennison EM et al. Grip strength across the life course: normative data from twelve british studies. PLoS ONE. 2014;9.

Cereda E. Mini nutritional assessment. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012;15:29–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De La Martínez J, Herrero RD, Vilches MCO, Taberné CA, Colomer CA, Luque RL. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Pfeiffer’s test (short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire [SPMSQ]) to screen cognitive impairment in general population aged 65 or older. Med Clin (Barc). 2001;117:129–34.

Google Scholar 

de la Martínez J, Onís Vilches MC, Dueñas Herrero R, Albert Colomer C, Aguado Taberné C, Luque Luque R. Versión española del cuestionario de yesavage abreviado (GDS) para el despistaje de depresión en mayores de 65 años: Adaptación y validación. MEDIFAM - Rev Med Fam y Comunitaria. 2002;12:620–30.

Google Scholar 

Lupsa BC, Insogna K. Bone health and osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2015;44:517–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised european consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Assarsson E, Lundberg M, Holmquist G, Björkesten J, Thorsen SB, Ekman D et al. Homogenous 96-plex PEA immunoassay exhibiting high sensitivity, specificity, and excellent scalability. PLoS ONE. 2014;9.

Petrera A, Von Toerne C, Behler J, Huth C, Thorand B, Hilgendorff A, et al. Multiplatform Approach for plasma proteomics: complementarity of Olink Proximity Extension Assay Technology to Mass Spectrometry-Based protein profiling. J Proteome Res. 2021;20:751–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tukey JW. Exploratory data analysis. Reading (MA): Addison-Wesley; 1977.

Google Scholar 

Luo J, Frisken S, Machado I, Zhang M, Pieper S, Golland P, et al. Using the variogram for vector outlier screening: application to feature-based image registration. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2018;13:1871–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Metsalu T, Vilo J, ClustVis. A web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using principal component analysis and heatmap. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43:W566–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Szklarczyk D, Kirsch R, Koutrouli M, Nastou K, Mehryary F, Hachilif R, et al. The STRING database in 2023: protein–protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023;51:D638–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saxena Y, Routh S, Mukhopadhaya A. Immunoporosis: role of Innate Immune cells in osteoporosis. Front Immunol. 2021;12.

Giacomelli R, Afeltra A, Alunno A, Bartoloni-Bocci E, Berardicurti O, Bombardieri M, et al. Guidelines for biomarkers in autoimmune rheumatic diseases - evidence based analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18:93–106.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kiebzak GM. Age-related bone changes. Exp Gerontol. 1991;26:171–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salari N, Darvishi N, Bartina Y, Larti M, Kiaei A, Hemmati M, et al. Global prevalence of osteoporosis among the world older adults: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16:669.

Article