New computationally cheap approach to modelling perceptual confidence.

Based on the DDM and Bayesian confidence but with much flexibility.

Allows us to capitalise on stochastically fluctuating stimuli when modelling behaviour.

Derived expressions provide direct insight into confidence of optimal observers.

We introduce a new approach to modelling decision confidence, with the aim of enabling computationally cheap predictions while taking into account, and thereby exploiting, trial-by-trial variability in stochastically fluctuating stimuli. Using the framework of the drift diffusion model of decision making, along with time-dependent thresholds and the idea of a Bayesian confidence readout, we derive expressions for the probability distribution over confidence reports. In line with current models of confidence, the derivations allow for the accumulation of “pipeline” evidence that has been received but not processed by the time of response, the effect of drift rate variability, and metacognitive noise. The expressions are valid for stimuli that change over the course of a trial with normally-distributed fluctuations in the evidence they provide. A number of approximations are made to arrive at the final expressions, and we test all approximations via simulation. The derived expressions contain only a small number of standard functions, and require evaluating only once per trial, making trial-by-trial modelling of confidence data in stochastically fluctuating stimuli tasks more feasible. We conclude by using the expressions to gain insight into the confidence of optimal observers, and empirically observed patterns.

Perceptual decisions

Confidence

DDM

Bayesian

Fluctuating stimuli

All code written for the study will be made publicly available upon publication, and will be accessible through https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/TK3VP.

© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.