King, L. S. & Agre, P. Pathophysiology of the aquaporin water channels. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 58, 619–648 (1996).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lang, F. et al. Functional significance of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Physiol. Rev. 78, 247–306 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Roncal-Jimenez, C., Lanaspa, M. A., Jensen, T., Sanchez-Lozada, L. G. & Johnson, R. J. Mechanisms by which dehydration may lead to chronic kidney disease. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 66, 10–13 (2015).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kamel, K. S. & Halperin, M. L. Use of urine electrolytes and urine osmolality in the clinical diagnosis of fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base disorders. Kidney Int. Rep. 6, 1211–1224 (2021).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Neuhofer, W. & Beck, F. X. Cell survival in the hostile environment of the renal medulla. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 67, 531–555 (2005).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dignon, G. L., Best, R. B. & Mittal, J. Biomolecular phase separation: from molecular driving forces to macroscopic properties. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 71, 53–75 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tauber, D., Tauber, G. & Parker, R. Mechanisms and regulation of RNA condensation in RNP granule formation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 45, 764–778 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lyon, A. S., Peeples, W. B. & Rosen, M. K. A framework for understanding the functions of biomolecular condensates across scales. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 22, 215–235 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Roden, C. & Gladfelter, A. S. RNA contributions to the form and function of biomolecular condensates. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 22, 183–195 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mittag, T. & Pappu, R. V. A conceptual framework for understanding phase separation and addressing open questions and challenges. Mol. Cell 82, 2201–2214 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shin, Y. & Brangwynne, C. P. Liquid phase condensation in cell physiology and disease. Science 357, eaaf4382 (2017).
Choi, J. M., Holehouse, A. S. & Pappu, R. V. Physical principles underlying the complex biology of intracellular phase transitions. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 49, 107–133 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fare, C. M., Villani, A., Drake, L. E. & Shorter, J. Higher-order organization of biomolecular condensates. Open. Biol. 11, 210137 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alberti, S. & Hyman, A. A. Biomolecular condensates at the nexus of cellular stress, protein aggregation disease and ageing. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 22, 196–213 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nandana, V. & Schrader, J. M. Roles of liquid-liquid phase separation in bacterial RNA metabolism. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 61, 91–98 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hofweber, M. & Dormann, D. Friend or foe — post-translational modifications as regulators of phase separation and RNP granule dynamics. J. Biol. Chem. 294, 7137–7150 (2019).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bounedjah, O. et al. Macromolecular crowding regulates assembly of mRNA stress granules after osmotic stress: new role for compatible osmolytes. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 2446–2458 (2012).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jalihal, A. P. et al. Multivalent proteins rapidly and reversibly phase-separate upon osmotic cell volume change. Mol. Cell 79, 978–990 e975 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jalihal, A. P. et al. Hyperosmotic phase separation: condensates beyond inclusions, granules and organelles. J. Biol. Chem. 296, 100044 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cai, D. et al. Phase separation of YAP reorganizes genome topology for long-term YAP target gene expression. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 1578–1589 (2019).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kultz, D. Molecular and evolutionary basis of the cellular stress response. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 67, 225–257 (2005).
Wheeler, J. R., Matheny, T., Jain, S., Abrisch, R. & Parker, R. Distinct stages in stress granule assembly and disassembly. Elife 5, e18413 (2016).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Costa-Mattioli, M. & Walter, P. The integrated stress response: from mechanism to disease. Science 368, eaat5314 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vilborg, A., Passarelli, M. C., Yario, T. A., Tycowski, K. T. & Steitz, J. A. Widespread inducible transcription downstream of human genes. Mol. Cell 59, 449–461 (2015).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rosa-Mercado, N. A. & Steitz, J. A. Who let the DoGs out? — Biogenesis of stress-induced readthrough transcripts. Trends Biochem. Sci. 47, 206–217 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yasuda, S. et al. Stress- and ubiquitylation-dependent phase separation of the proteasome. Nature 578, 296–300 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Olins, A. L., Gould, T. J., Boyd, L., Sarg, B. & Olins, D. E. Hyperosmotic stress: in situ chromatin phase separation. Nucleus 11, 1–18 (2020).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Watanabe, K. et al. Cells recognize osmotic stress through liquid-liquid phase separation lubricated with poly(ADP-ribose). Nat. Commun. 12, 1353 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Boyd-Shiwarski, C. R. et al. WNK kinases sense molecular crowding and rescue cell volume via phase separation. Cell 185, 4488–4506 e4420 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Carrettiero, D. C. et al. Stress routes clients to the proteasome via a BAG2 ubiquitin-independent degradation condensate. Nat. Commun. 13, 3074 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gao, C. et al. Hyperosmotic-stress-induced liquid-liquid phase separation of ALS-related proteins in the nucleus. Cell Rep. 40, 111086 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Strulson, C. A., Molden, R. C., Keating, C. D. & Bevilacqua, P. C. RNA catalysis through compartmentalization. Nat. Chem. 4, 941–946 (2012).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Stoeger, T., Battich, N. & Pelkmans, L. Passive noise filtering by cell compartmentalization. Cell 164, 1151–1161 (2016).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Peeples, W. & Rosen, M. K. Mechanistic dissection of increased enzymatic rate in a phase-separated compartment. Nat. Chem. Biol. 17, 693–702 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lewis, M. R. & Lewis, W. H. Mitochondria (and other cytoplasmic structures) in tissue cultures. Am. J. Anat. 17, 339–401 (1915).
Pappenheimer, A. M. The Golgi apparatus — personal observations and a review of the literature. Anat. Rec. 11, 107–148 (1916).
Palade, G. E. & Porter, K. R. Studies on the endoplasmic reticulum. I. Its identification in cells in situ. J. Exp. Med. 100, 641–656 (1954).
Comments (0)