Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Barton A, Burmester GR, Emery P, Firestein GS, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malmstrom V, Catrina AI, Klareskog L. The immunopathogenesis of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: from triggering to targeting. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(1):60–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wah-Suarez MI, Galarza-Delgado DA, Azpiri-Lopez JR, Colunga-Pedraza IJ, Cardenas-de la Garza JA, Vera-Pineda R, et al. The best cardiovascular risk calculator to predict carotid plaques in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(9):2373–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wah-Suarez MI, Galarza-Delgado DA, Azpiri-Lopez JR, Colunga-Pedraza IJ, Abundis-Marquez EE, Davila-Jimenez JA, et al. Carotid ultrasound findings in rheumatoid arthritis and control subjects: a case-control study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2019;22(1):25–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalbeni A, Giollo A, Bevilacqua M, Cioffi G, Tagetti A, Cattazzo F, et al. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and residual disease activity are associated with atherosclerosis progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(9):922–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S, Heslinga M, McInnes IB, Peters MJ, et al. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(1):17–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galarza-Delgado DA, Azpiri-Lopez JR, Colunga-Pedraza IJ, Cardenas-de la Garza JA, Vera-Pineda R, Serna-Pena G, et al. Assessment of six cardiovascular risk calculators in mexican mestizo patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to the EULAR 2015/2016 recommendations for cardiovascular risk management. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(6):1387–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galarza-Delgado DA, Azpiri-Lopez JR, Colunga-Pedraza IJ, Guajardo-Jauregui N, Rodriguez-Romero AB, Lugo-Perez S, et al. Cardiovascular risk reclassification according to six cardiovascular risk algorithms and carotid ultrasound in psoriatic arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2022;41(5):1413–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Authors/Task Force M, Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ, et al. 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of Dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of Dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and european atherosclerosis society (EAS) developed with the special contribution of the european assocciation for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Atherosclerosis. 2016;253:281–344.

Article  Google Scholar 

Skeoch S, Bruce IN. Atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: is it all about inflammation? Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11(7):390–400.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tousoulis D, Oikonomou E, Economou EK, Crea F, Kaski JC. Inflammatory cytokines in atherosclerosis: current therapeutic approaches. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(22):1723–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Halacoglu J, Shea LA. Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and therapeutic implications in rheumatoid arthritis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2020;13(5):878–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kokkonen H, Soderstrom I, Rocklov J, Hallmans G, Lejon K, Rantapaa Dahlqvist S. Up-regulation of cytokines and chemokines predates the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(2):383–91.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chatterjee Adhikari M, Guin A, Chakraborty S, Sinhamahapatra P, Ghosh A. Subclinical atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis as evidenced by measurement of carotid intima-media thickness and flow-mediated vasodilatation: an observational study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;41(5):669–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnsen SH, Mathiesen EB. Carotid plaque compared with intima-media thickness as a predictor of coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2009;11(1):21–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mathiesen EB, Johnsen SH, Wilsgaard T, Bonaa KH, Lochen ML, Njolstad I. Carotid plaque area and intima-media thickness in prediction of first-ever ischemic stroke: a 10-year follow-up of 6584 men and women: the Tromso Study. Stroke. 2011;42(4):972–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anderson J, Caplan L, Yazdany J, Robbins ML, Neogi T, Michaud K, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity measures: American College of Rheumatology recommendations for use in clinical practice. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(5):640–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, Lonn E, Kendall CB, Mohler ER, et al. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(2):93–111. quiz 89–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hannawi S, Haluska B, Marwick TH, Thomas R. Atherosclerotic disease is increased in recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis: a critical role for inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(6):R116.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corrales A, Vegas-Revenga N, Rueda-Gotor J, Portilla V, Atienza-Mateo B, Blanco R, et al. Carotid plaques as predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a 5-year-prospective follow-up study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(6):1333–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bjorsenius I, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Berglin E, Sodergren A. Extent of atherosclerosis after 11-year prospective follow-up in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis was affected by disease severity at diagnosis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2020;49(6):443–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sodergren A, Karp K, Boman K, Eriksson C, Lundstrom E, Smedby T, et al. Atherosclerosis in early rheumatoid arthritis: very early endothelial activation and rapid progression of intima media thickness. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(4):R158.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nikiphorou E, de Lusignan S, Mallen CD, Khavandi K, Bedarida G, Buckley CD, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in early rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Heart. 2020;106(20):1566–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kerola AM, Kerola T, Kauppi MJ, Kautiainen H, Virta LJ, Puolakka K, et al. Cardiovascular comorbidities antedating the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(11):1826–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holmqvist ME, Wedren S, Jacobsson LT, Klareskog L, Nyberg F, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, et al. Rapid increase in myocardial infarction risk following diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis amongst patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2006. J Intern Med. 2010;268(6):578–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holmqvist ME, Wedren S, Jacobsson LT, Klareskog L, Nyberg F, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, et al. No increased occurrence of ischemic heart disease prior to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis: results from two swedish population-based rheumatoid arthritis cohorts. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(10):2861–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans MR, Escalante A, Battafarano DF, Freeman GL, O’Leary. DH, del Rincon I. Carotid atherosclerosis predicts incident acute coronary syndromes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(5):1211–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, Libby P, Raichlen JS, Ballantyne CM, et al. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA. 2006;295(13):1556–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davis JM 3rd, Maradit Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, Ballman KV, Therneau TM, et al. Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(3):820–30.

Soubrier M, Barber Chamoux N, Tatar Z, Couderc M, Dubost JJ, Mathieu S. Cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81(4):298–302.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tocci G, Goletti D, Marino V, Matucci A, Milano GM, Cantini F, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes and tumour necrosis factor antagonists in chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease: a focus on rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2016;15(sup1):55–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee JL, Sinnathurai P, Buchbinder R, Hill C, Lassere M, March L. Biologics and cardiovascular events in inflammatory arthritis: a prospective national cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20(1):171.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Solomon DH, Reed GW, Kremer JM, Curtis JR, Farkouh ME, Harrold LR, et al. Disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of cardiovascular events. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(6):1449–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arts EE, Fransen J, Den Broeder AA, van Riel P, Popa CD. Low disease activity (DAS28=3.2) reduces the risk of first cardiovascular event in rheumatoid arthritis: a time-dependent Cox regression analysis in a large cohort study</at. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(10):1693–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar