Marie I. Morbidity and mortality in adult polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012;14(3):275–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-012-0249-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oddis CV, Reed AM, Aggarwal R, Rider LG, Ascherman DP, Levesque MC, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: a randomized, placebo-phase trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(2):314–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.37754.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aggarwal R, Oddis CV, SpringerLink. Managing myositis: a practical guide. 1st 2020. Cham: London; 2020.

Book  Google Scholar 

Paik JJ, Casciola-Rosen L, Shin JY, Albayda J, Tiniakou E, Leung DG, et al. Study of tofacitinib in refractory dermatomyositis: an open-label pilot study of ten patients. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(5):858–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.41602.

Tjarnlund A, Tang Q, Wick C, Dastmalchi M, Mann H, Tomasova Studunkova J, et al. Abatacept in the treatment of adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a randomised, phase IIb treatment delayed-start trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(1):55–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211751.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roifman CM, Schaffer FM, Wachsmuth SE, Murphy G, Gelfand EW. Reversal of chronic polymyositis following intravenous immune serum globulin therapy. JAMA. 1987;258(4):513–5. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03400040111034. Sentinel report of IVIG for the treatment of PM.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM, Soueidan SA, Stein DP, Otero C, et al. A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(27):1993–2000. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199312303292704. Sentinel report of IVIG for the treatment of DM.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aggarwal R, Charles-Schoeman C, Schessl J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Dimachkie M, Griger Z, et al. Trial of intravenous immune globulin in dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:1264–78. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2117912. Large, phase III randomized-controlled trial of IVIG in DM, which led to US FDA approval of Octagam 10% IVIG for the treatment of adult DM.

Aggarwal R, Charles-Schoeman C, Schessl J, Dimachkie MM, Beckmann I, Levine T. Prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study evaluating efficacy and safety of octagam 10% in patients with dermatomyositis (“ProDERM Study”). Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(1):e23677. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000023677.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalakas MC. Mechanisms of action of IVIg and therapeutic considerations in the treatment of acute and chronic demyelinating neuropathies. Neurology. 2002;59(12 Suppl 6):S13-21. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.59.12_suppl_6.s13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lunemann JD, Nimmerjahn F, Dalakas MC. Intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology: mode of action and clinical efficacy. Nature Rev Neurol. 2015;11:80–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.253.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Quick A, Tandan R. Mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin in inflammatory muscle disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011;13(3):192–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-011-0171-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. Anti-inflammatory actions of intravenous immunoglobulin. Annu Rev Immunol. 2008;26:513–33. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090232.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Basta M, Dalakas MC. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin exerts its beneficial effect in patients with dermatomyositis by blocking endomysial deposition of activated complement fragments. J Clin Invest. 1994;94(5):1729–35. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117520.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patwardhan A. The value of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in idiopathic inflammatory myositis in the current transformed era of biologics. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e7049. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7049.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dalakas MC. Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune neuromuscular diseases. JAMA. 2004;291(19):2367–75. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.19.2367.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyasaka N, Hara M, Koike T, Saito E, Yamada M, Tanaka Y, et al. Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in Japanese patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis resistant to corticosteroids: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22(3):382–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10165-011-0534-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moriguchi M, Suzuki T, Tateishi M, Hara M, Kashiwazaki S. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for refractory myositis. Intern Med. 1996;35(8):663–7. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.35.663.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saito E, Koike T, Hashimoto H, Miyasaka N, Ikeda Y, Hara M, et al. Efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in Japanese patients with steroid-resistant polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Mod Rheumatol. 2008;18(1):34–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10165-007-0013-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cherin P, Piette JC, Wechsler B, Bletry O, Ziza JM, Laraki R, et al. Intravenous gamma globulin as first line therapy in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: an open study in 11 adult patients. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(6):1092–7. Sentinel report of IVIG as first-line therapy against adult PM and DM.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mammen AL, Tiniakou E. Intravenous immune globulin for statin-triggered autoimmune myopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(17):1680–2. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1506163. Sentinel report of IVIG without steroids as initial therapy in IMNM.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tian JGJS, Chen JW, Li F, Xie X, Du JF. Efficacy and safety of the combined treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and oral glucocorticoid in the elderly with dermatomyositis. Chin J Geriatr. 2008;27:588–90.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Cherin P, Herson S, Wechsler B, Piette JC, Bletry O, Coutellier A, et al. Efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin therapy in chronic refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis: an open study with 20 adult patients. Am J Med. 1991;91(2):162–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(91)90009-m.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mastaglia FL, Phillips BA, Zilko PJ. Immunoglobulin therapy in inflammatory myopathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65(1):107–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.65.1.107.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gottfried I, Seeber A, Anegg B, Rieger A, Stingl G, Volc-Platzer B. High dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in dermatomyositis: clinical responses and effect on sIL-2R levels. Eur J Dermatol. 2000;10(1):29–35.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cherin P, Pelletier S, Teixeira A, Laforet P, Genereau T, Simon A, et al. Results and long-term followup of intravenous immunoglobulin infusions in chronic, refractory polymyositis: an open study with thirty-five adult patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(2):467–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.10053.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Danieli MG, Malcangi G, Palmieri C, Logullo F, Salvi A, Piani M, et al. Cyclosporin A and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(1):37–41. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.61.1.37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hara M, Kinoshita M, Saito E, Hashimoto H, Miyasaka N, Yoshida T, et al. Prospective study of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of steroid-resistant polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Mod Rheumatol. 2003;13(4):319–25. https://doi.org/10.3109/s10165-003-0250-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barbasso Helmers S, Dastmalchi M, Alexanderson H, Nennesmo I, Esbjörnsson M, Lindvall B, et al. Limited effects of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment on molecular expression in muscle tissue of patients with inflammatory myopathies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(10):1276–83. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2006.058644.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Danieli MG, Calcabrini L, Calabrese V, Marchetti A, Logullo F, Gabrielli A. Intravenous immunoglobulin as add on treatment with mycophenolate mofetil in severe myositis. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;9(2):124–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2009.04.003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Danieli MG, Moretti R, Gambini S, Paolini L, Gabrielli A. Open-label study on treatment with 20 % subcutaneous IgG administration in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol. 2014;33(4):531–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-013-2478-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giannini M, Fiorella M, D’Abbicco D, Amati A, Lia A, Girolamo F, et al. FRI0400 Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in refractory dysphagia in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Annals Rheumatic Dis. 2017;76(Suppl 2):639. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.5049.

Article  Google Scholar 

Danieli MG, Gelardi C, Pedini V, Menghini D, Benfaremo D, Gabrielli A. Subcutaneous immunoglobulin in inflammatory myopathies: efficacy in different organ systems. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(1):102426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102426. Recent prospective open-label observational study assessing subcutaneous immunoglobulin treatment for PM and DM.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lim J, Eftimov F, Verhamme C, Brusse E, Hoogendijk JE, Saris CGJ, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins as first-line treatment in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a pilot study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(4):1784–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa459. Recent open-label phase II study evaluating IVIG as first-line monotherapy in newly diagnoses non-IBM IIM patients.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiala A, Vujic I, Richter L, Rappersberger K, Posch C. Dermatomyositis requires long-term treatment with combined immunosuppressive and immunoglobulin therapy. JDDG: J Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. 2021;19(3):456–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.14365.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu K, Tomlinson G, Reed AM, Huber AM, Saarela O, Bout-Tabaku SM, et al. Pilot study of the juvenile dermatomyositis consensus treatment plans: a CARRA Registry study. J Rheumatol. 2021;48(1):114–22. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.190494.

Goswami RP, Haldar SN, Chatterjee M, Vij P, van der Kooi AJ, Lim J, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulin therapy in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(2):102997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102997. Recent systematic review assessing the utility and safety of immunoglobulin treatment in IIM.

Dalakas MC. Update on intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology: modulating neuro-autoimmunity, evolving factors on efficacy and dosing and challenges on stopping chronic IVIg therapy. Neurotherapeutics. 2021;18(4):2397–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-021-01108-4.