Acharya, S. L., Pokkrel, B. R., Ayer, R., Belbase, P., Ghimire, M., & Gurung, O. (2013). Kinship care at community is better model to ensure psychological and economic security to orphans living with HIV than from care homes. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 11(23), 22–25.

Google Scholar 

Armistead, L., Klein, K., & Forehand, R. (1995). Parental physical illness and child functioning. Clinical Psychology Review., 15(5), 409–422.

Article  Google Scholar 

Balew, G., Worku, N., Tilaye, T., Huruy, K., & Fetene, T. (2010). Assessment of household burden of orphaning and coping strategies by guardians and families with orphans and vulnerable children in Hossana Town, SNNPR. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 48(3), 219–228.

Google Scholar 

Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting - a process model. Child Development., 55(1), 83–96.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bennett, I. M., Schott, W., Krutikova, S., & Behrman, J. R. (2016). Maternal mental health, and child growth and development, in four low-income and middle-income countries. Journal of Epidemology and Community Health, 70(2), 168–173.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bohman, D. M., Van Wyk, N. C., & Ekman, S. L. (2009). Tradition in transition–intergenerational relations with focus on the aged and their family members in a South African context. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 23(3), 446–455.

Article  Google Scholar 

Boon, H., Ruiter, R. A., James, S., van den Borne, B., Williams, E., & Reddy, P. (2009). The impact of a community-based pilot health education intervention for older people as caregivers of orphaned and sick children as a result of HIV and AIDS in South Africa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 24(4), 373–389.

Article  Google Scholar 

Branjerdporn, G., Meredith, P., Strong, J., & Garcia, J. (2017). Associations between maternal-foetal attachment and infant developmental outcomes: A systematic review. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21, 540–553.

Article  Google Scholar 

Briere, J. (1996). Professional manual for the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC). Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.

Google Scholar 

Casale, M., & Wild, L. (2012). The relationship between social support and the health of HIV-positive caregivers of children: A review of the empirical literature. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 7(3), 260–282.

Article  Google Scholar 

Davé, S., Sherr, L., Senior, R., & Nazareth, I. (2008). Associations between paternal depression and behaviour problems in children of 4–6 years. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(5), 306–315.

Article  Google Scholar 

Garcia, J., Hromi-Fiedler, A., Mazur, R. E., Marquis, G., Sellen, D., Lartey, A., et al. (2013). Persistent household food insecurity, HIV, and maternal stress in peri-urban Ghana. BMC Public Health, 13, 215.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gillies, P., Tolley, K., & Wolstenholme, J. (1996). Is AIDS a disease of poverty? AIDS Care, 8(3), 351–363.

Article  Google Scholar 

Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586.

Article  Google Scholar 

Govender, K., Penning, S., George, G., & Quinlan, T. (2012). Weighting up the burden of care on caregivers of orphan children: The Amajuba District Child Health and Wellbeing project, South Africa. AIDS Care, 24(6), 712–721.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hadfield, J. C. (2014). The health of grandparents raising grandchildren: A literature review. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 40(4), 32–42.

Article  Google Scholar 

Harris, D., & Goodenough, F. L. (1963). Children’s drawings as measures of intellectual maturity. Harcourt, Brace & World.

Google Scholar 

Hejoaka, F. (2016). Care and secrecy: Being a mother of children living with HIV in Burkina Faso. Soc Scie Med, 69(6), 869–876.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ice, G. H., Sadruddin, A. F., Vagedes, A., Yogo, J., & Juma, E. (2015). Stress associated with caregiver: An examination of the stress process model among Kenyan Luo elders. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 4, 4–18.

Google Scholar 

Kasedde, S., Doyle, A. M., Seeley, J. A., & Ross, D. A. (2014). They are not always the burden: Older people and child fostering in Uganda during the HIV epidemic. Social Science and Medicine, 113, 161–168.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kidman, R., & Thurman, T. R. (2014). Caregiver burden among adults caring for orphaned children in rural South Africa. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud, 9(3), 234–246.

Article  Google Scholar 

Knight, L., & Yamin, A. (2015). “Without a mother”: Caregivers and community members’ views about the impacts of maternal mortality on families in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Reproductive Health, 12(Suppl 1), S5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory. Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Google Scholar 

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kuo, C., & Operario, D. (2011). Health of adults caring for orphaned children in an HIV-endemic community in South Africa. AIDS Care, 23(9), 1128–1135.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lachman, J. M., Cluver, L. D., Boyes, M. E., Kuo, C., & Casale, M. (2014). Positive parenting for positive parents: HIV/AIDS, poverty, caregiver depression, child behavior, and parenting in South Africa. AIDS Care, 26(3), 304–313.

Article  Google Scholar 

Loxton, H., Mostert, J., & Moffatt, D. (2006). Screening of intellectual maturity: Exploring South African preschoolers’ scores on the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test and teachers’ assessment. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 103(2), 515–525.

Article  Google Scholar 

Madge, E. M., van den Berg, A. R., & Robinson, M. (1985). Manual for the Junior South African Individual Scales (JSAIS). Human Science Research Council.

Google Scholar 

Messer, L. C., Pence, B. W., Whetten, K., Whetten, R., Thielman, N., O’Donnell, K., et al. (2010). Prevalence of predictors of HIV-related stigma among institutional- and community-based caregivers of orphans and vulnerable children living in five less-wealthy countries. BMC Public Health, 22(7), 803–815.

Google Scholar 

Mhaka-Mutepfa, M., Cumming, R., & Mpofu, E. (2014). Grandparents fostering orphans: Influences of protective factors on their health and well-being. Health Care for Women International, 35(7–9), 1022–1039.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mokgatle, M. M., & Madiba, S. (2015). The burden of disease on HIV-infected orphaned and non-orphaned children accessing primary health facilities in a rural district with poor resources in South Africa: A cross-sectional survey of primary caregivers of HIV-infected children aged 5–18 years. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 4, 4–18.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mugisha, J., Scholten, F., Owilla, S., Naidoo, N., Seeley, J., Chatterji, S., et al. (2013). Caregiving responsibilities and burden among older people by HIV status and other determinants in Uganda. AIDS Care, 25(11), 1341–1348.

Article  Google Scholar 

Munthree, C., & Maharaj, P. (2010). Growing old in the era of a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS: The impact of AIDS on older men and women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Reserach on Aging, 32(2), 155–174.

Article  Google Scholar 

Murray, L., Cooper, P., & Fearon, P. (2014). Parenting difficulties and postnatal depression: Implications for primary healthcare assessment and intervention. Community Practitioner, 87(11), 34–38.

Google Scholar 

Oburu, P. O., & Palmerus, K. (2003). Parenting stress and self-reported discipline strategies of Kenyan caregiving grandmothers. International Journal of Behavioral Development., 27(6), 505–512.

Article  Google Scholar 

O'Donnell, K., Nyangara, F., Murphy, R., Cannon, M., & Nyberg, B. (2013). Child Status Index Manual - second edition. Measure Evaluation.

Ogunmefun, C., Gilbert, L., & Schatz, E. (2011). Older female caregivers and HIV/AIDS-related secondary stigma in rural South Africa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 26(1), 85–102.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pandit, L. V., & Vishnuravardhan, G. (2014). Impact of age and gender on the coping styles and psychiatric morbidity faced by informal primary caregivers of HIV-infected individuals living in India. AIDS Care, 13(1), 24–28.

Google Scholar 

Patel, V., Simunyu, E., Gwanzura, F., Lewis, G., & Mann, A. (1997). The Shona symptom questionnaire: The development of an indigenous measure of common mental disorders in Harare. Acta Psychiatrica Scand., 95(6), 469–475.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pilgrim, N. A., Ahmed, S., Gray, R. H., Sekasanvu, J., Lutalo, T., Nalugoda, F., et al. (2014). Family structure effects on early sexual debut among adolescent girls in Rakai, Uganda. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud, 9(3), 193–205.

Article  Google Scholar 

Punpachi, W., Gorbach, P. M., & Detels, R. (2012). Impact of paediatric human immunodeficiency virud infection on children’s and caregivers’ daily functioning and well-being: A qualitative study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 38(5), 714–722.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ramchandani, P. G., Stein, A., O’Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Murray, L., & Evans, J. (2008). Depression in men in the postnatal period and later child psychopathology: A population cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(4), 390–398.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ricter, L., Sherr, L., Adato, M., Belsey, M., Chandan, U., Desmond, C., et al. (2017). Strengthening families to support children affected by HIV and AIDS. AIDS Care, 21(S1), 3–12.

Google Scholar 

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.

Book  Google Scholar 

Runyan, D. K., Dunne, M. P., Zolotor, A. J., Madrid, B., Jani, D., Gerbaka, B., et al. (2009). The development and piloting of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Parent version (ICAST-P). Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 826–832.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rutakumwa, R., Zalwango, F., Richards, E., & Seeley, J. (2015). Exploring the care relationship between grandparents/ older carers and children infected with HIV in wouth-western Uganda: Implications for care for both the children and their older carers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(2), 2120–2134.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sanger, C., Iles, J. E., Andrew, C. S., & Ramchandani, P. E. (2015). Associations between postnatal maternal depression and psychological outcomes in adolescent offspring: A systematic review. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 18(2), 147–162.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schatz, E., & Seeley, J. (2013). Gender, ageing and carework in East and Southern Africa: A review. Global Public Helath, 10(10), 1185–1200.

Article  Google Scholar 

Singh, D., Chaudoir, S. R., Escobar, M. C., & Kalichman, S. (2011). Stigma, burden, social support, and willingness to care among caregivers of PLWHA in home-based care in South Africa. AIDS Care, 23(7), 839–845.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sipsma, H., Eloff, I., Makin, J., Finestone, M., Ebersohn, L., Visser, M. J., & Forsyth, B. (2013). Behavior and psychological functioning of young children of HIV-positive mothers in South Africa. AIDS Care, 25(6), 721–725.

Article  Google Scholar 

Skeen, S., Tomlinson, M., Macedo, A., Croome, N., & Sherr, L. (2014). Mental health of carers of children affected by HIV attending community-based programmes in South Africa and Malawi. AIDS Care, 26(Suppl 1), S11–S20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Skinner, D., Sharp, C., Marais, L., Serekoane, M., & Lenka, M. (2014). Assessing the value of and contextual and cultural acceptability of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in evaluating mental health problems in HIV/ AIDS affected children. International Journal of Mental Health, 43(4), 76–89.

Article