Department of Ophthalmology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Redwood City, California (R.B.M.)

Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.J., Y.Z., H.K.C.)

Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California (M.F.M.)

Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (B.Z.)

Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California (C.C.)

Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.N.)

Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (N.M.).

Acknowledgment: The authors thank Dr. Lucy Young and Dr. Karen Costenbader for advice on the study design.

Financial Support: Drs. Melles, Zhang, and Choi are supported by grant R21-AR-074-754 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Jorge is supported by the Rheumatology Research Foundation Scientist Development Award and grant K23-AR-079-040 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.

Disclosures: Disclosures can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M22-2453.

Reproducible Research Statement: Study protocol: Not available. Statistical code: Available from Dr. Jorge (e-mail, [email protected]harvard.edu). Data set: The data underlying this article cannot be shared publicly for the protection of patient privacy and per a data use agreement. The data will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author and pending approval of KPNC.

Corresponding Author: April M. Jorge, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Cambridge Street, Suite 1600, Boston, MA; e-mail, [email protected]harvard.edu.

Author Contributions: Conception and design: H.K. Choi, A.M. Jorge, R.B. Melles, J. Niu, Y. Zhang, B. Zhou, M.F. Marmor.

Analysis and interpretation of the data: H.K. Choi, A.M. Jorge, N. McCormick, R.B. Melles, J. Niu, Y. Zhang, B. Zhou, M.F. Marmor.

Drafting of the article: H.K. Choi, A.M. Jorge, J. Niu, M.F. Marmor.

Critical revision for important intellectual content: H.K. Choi, A.M. Jorge, R.B. Melles, Y. Zhang, B. Zhou.

Final approval of the article: H.K. Choi, C. Conell, A.M. Jorge, M.F. Marmor, N. McCormick, R.B. Melles, J. Niu, Y. Zhang, B. Zhou.

Provision of study materials or patients: H.K. Choi, R.B. Melles.

Statistical expertise: H.K. Choi, A.M. Jorge, Y. Zhang, B. Zhou.

Obtaining of funding: H.K. Choi, Y. Zhang.

Administrative, technical, or logistic support: H.K. Choi, A.M. Jorge, N. McCormick, B. Zhou.

Collection and assembly of data: H.K. Choi, C. Conell, R.B. Melles.

This article was published at Annals.org on 17 January 2023.

* Drs. Melles and Jorge contributed equally as first authors.

† Drs. Zhang and Choi contributed equally as last authors.