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Conceptualization, M.S.K., T.A.P. and R.K.O.; methodology, A.Y.R. and N.G.D.; validation, O.A.L., M.S.K. and R.K.O.; formal analysis, M.S.K.; investigation, A.Y.R., N.E.P., I.S.S. and V.O.S.; resources, M.S.K. and N.B.C.; data curation, M.S.K.; writing—original draft preparation, M.S.K. and T.A.P.; writing—review and editing, M.W.E. and N.B.C.; visualization, M.S.K.; supervision, M.S.K. and R.K.O.; funding acquisition, R.K.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1. Detection of autoantibodies to γ-synuclein in the serum of patients with glaucoma by immunoblotting: (a,b) correspond to different independent membranes divided into strips. Each strip of membrane was incubated with a serum sample from one patient. On the left, the molecular weight (kDa) is indicated according to the protein ladder. The numbers 14, 24, 26, 30, 38 indicate the numbers of serum samples from patients with glaucoma, in which autoantibodies to γ-synuclein (17 kDa) were detected. The arrow on the right marks the band corresponding to γ-synuclein.
Figure 1. Detection of autoantibodies to γ-synuclein in the serum of patients with glaucoma by immunoblotting: (a,b) correspond to different independent membranes divided into strips. Each strip of membrane was incubated with a serum sample from one patient. On the left, the molecular weight (kDa) is indicated according to the protein ladder. The numbers 14, 24, 26, 30, 38 indicate the numbers of serum samples from patients with glaucoma, in which autoantibodies to γ-synuclein (17 kDa) were detected. The arrow on the right marks the band corresponding to γ-synuclein.
Figure 2. IOP change in γ-synuclein knockout (γ-KO) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice after instillation of drugs affecting different neuromediators: (a) adrenergic agonist 1% phenylephrine, (b) adrenergic antagonist 0.5% timolol, (c) cholinergic agonist 1% pilocarpine, (d) cholinergic antagonist 0.1% atropine, (e) dopamine agonist 10% dopamine and (f) dopamine antagonist 0.25% haloperidol. IOP was measured before (0 h) and 1 and 2 h after drugs installation. Mean ± SE are presented. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons test between groups (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001). For each group, n = 5 (10 eyes).
Figure 2. IOP change in γ-synuclein knockout (γ-KO) mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice after instillation of drugs affecting different neuromediators: (a) adrenergic agonist 1% phenylephrine, (b) adrenergic antagonist 0.5% timolol, (c) cholinergic agonist 1% pilocarpine, (d) cholinergic antagonist 0.1% atropine, (e) dopamine agonist 10% dopamine and (f) dopamine antagonist 0.25% haloperidol. IOP was measured before (0 h) and 1 and 2 h after drugs installation. Mean ± SE are presented. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons test between groups (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001). For each group, n = 5 (10 eyes).
Figure 3. Total protein concentration and α2-macroglobulin (α2-MG) activity are different in tear fluid of γ-synuclein knockout (γ-KO) mice than those of wild-type (WT) mice: (a) total protein concentration determined by the Lowry assay (mg/mL); (b) total activity (nmol/min × mL); (c) specific activity (nmol/min × mg) of α2-MG in tear fluid of γ-KO and WT mice. Means ± SE with individual data are presented and p values are given if differences between groups were statistically significant according to the Mann–Whitney test. For the WT mice group, n = 7; for the γ-KO group, n = 5.
Figure 3. Total protein concentration and α2-macroglobulin (α2-MG) activity are different in tear fluid of γ-synuclein knockout (γ-KO) mice than those of wild-type (WT) mice: (a) total protein concentration determined by the Lowry assay (mg/mL); (b) total activity (nmol/min × mL); (c) specific activity (nmol/min × mg) of α2-MG in tear fluid of γ-KO and WT mice. Means ± SE with individual data are presented and p values are given if differences between groups were statistically significant according to the Mann–Whitney test. For the WT mice group, n = 7; for the γ-KO group, n = 5.
Table 1. Clinical data of patients and control subjects.
Table 1. Clinical data of patients and control subjects.
Patient
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