The role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

1. World Health Organization . Coronavirus (COVID-19) events as they happen: health systems financing: the path to universal coverage, 2020, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases (accessed 9 April 2020).
Google Scholar2. World Health Organization . WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020, 2020, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19—11-march-2020 (accessed 9 April 2020).
Google Scholar3. Pfefferbaum, B, North, CS. Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic. New Engl J Med 2020; 383(6): 510–512.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Wang, C, Pan, R, Wan, X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2020; 17(5): 1729.
Google Scholar | Crossref5. Mazza, C, Ricci, E, Biondi, S, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2020; 17(9): 3165.
Google Scholar | Crossref6. Qiu, J, Shen, B, Zhao, M, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr 2020; 33(2): e100213.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health . Mental health in Canada: COVID-19 and beyond: CAMH policy advice, 2020, https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/pdfs—public-policy-submissions/covid-and-mh-policy-paper-pdf.pdf (accessed 10 December 2020).
Google Scholar8. Fitzpatrick, KM, Harris, C, Drawve, G. Living in the midst of fear: depressive symptomatology among US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37(10): 957–964.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Sen, G, Östlin, P, George, A. Unequal, unfair, ineffective and inefficient: gender inequity in health: why it exists and how we can change it, 2007, https://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/csdh_media/wgekn_final_report_07.pdf
Google Scholar10. Rogers, WA, Ballantyne, AJ. Exclusion of women from clinical research: myth or reality? Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83(5): 536–542.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI11. Kaiser, J . Gender in the pharmacy: does it matter? Science 2005; 308(5728): 1572–1574.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Wilhelm, KA . Gender and mental health. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatr 2014; 48(7): 603–605.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI13. Rothblum, ED . Introduction. In: Rothblum, ED (ed.) The Oxford handbook of sexual and gender minority mental health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, pp. 229–244.
Google Scholar | Crossref14. World Health Organization . Gender and mental health, 2002, https://www.who.int/gender/other_health/genderMH.pdf (accessed 25 January 2021).
Google Scholar15. Rosenfield, S, Mouzon, D. Gender and mental health. In: Aneshensel, CS, Phelan, JC, Bierman, A (eds) Handbook of the sociology of mental health. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013, pp. 277–296.
Google Scholar | Crossref16. Dickey, LM . History of gender identity and mental health. In: Rothblum, ED (ed.) The Oxford handbook of sexual and gender minority mental health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, https://doig.org.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190067991.013.3
Google Scholar | Crossref17. Qualtrics . Qualtrics, version June-July-August, 2020, 2021, https://www.qualtrics.com
Google Scholar18. Eysenbach, G . Improving the quality of web surveys: the checklist for reporting results of internet e-surveys (CHERRIES). J Med Intern Res 2004; 6(3): e34.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI19. Sangha, O, Stucki, G, Liang, MH, et al. The self-administered comorbidity questionnaire: a new method to assess comorbidity for clinical and health services research. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 49(2): 156–163.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Kroenke, K, Spitzer, RL, Williams, JBW, et al. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection, 2007, https://annals.org
Google Scholar | Crossref21. Kroenke, K, Spitzer, RL. The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr Ann 2002; 32(9): 509–515.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI22. Kroenke, K, Spitzer, RL, Williams, JBW. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16(9): 606–613.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI23. IBM Corporation . IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation, 2019.
Google Scholar24. Jia, R, Ayling, K, Chalder, T, et al. Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study. BMJ Open 2020; 10(9): e040620.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Twenge, JM, Joiner, TE. Census Bureau-assessed prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2019 and during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37(10): 954–956.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
Google Scholar | Crossref27. Gerstel, N . The third shift: gender and care work outside the home. Qual Sociol 2000; 23: 467–483.
Google Scholar | Crossref28. Meyer, IH . Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in Lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull 2003; 129(5): 674–697.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI29. Williams, SL, Job, SA, Todd, E, et al. A critical deconstructed quantitative analysis: sexual and gender minority stress through an intersectional lens. J Soc Issues 2020; 76(4): 859–879.
Google Scholar | Crossref

Comments (0)

No login
gif