1. Wattjes, MP, Ciccarelli, O, Reich, DS, et al. 2021 MAGNIMS–CMSC–NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. The Lancet Neurology 2021; 20: 653–670.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline2. Filippi, M, Rocca, MA, Ciccarelli, O, et al. MRI Criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. The Lancet Neurology 2016; 15: 292–303.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI3. Noseworthy, JH, Lucchinetti, C, Rodriguez, M, et al. Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 938–952.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI4. Kearney H, AD, Samson, RS, Yiannakas, MC, et al. Cervical cord lesion load is associated with disability independently from atrophy in MS. Neurology 2014; 84(4): 367–373.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline5. Lukas C, SM, Bellenberg, B, Hahn, HK, et al. Relevance of spinal cord abnormalities to clinical disability in multiple sclerosis: MR imaging findings in a large cohort of patients. Radiology 2013; 269(2): 542–552.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline6. Bonacchi, R, Pagani, E, Meani, A, et al. Clinical relevance of multiparametric MRI assessment of cervical cord damage in multiple sclerosis. Radiology 2020; 296: 605–615.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline7. Leguy, S, Combes, B, Bannier, E, et al. Prognostic value of spinal cord MRI in multiple sclerosis patients. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 177(5): 571–581.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline8. Tsagkas, C, Magon, S, Gaetano, L, et al. Spinal cord volume loss: a marker of disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2018; 91: e349–e358.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline9. Thompson, AJ, Banwell, BL, Barkhof, F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17: 162–173.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI10. Kanda, T, Ishii, K, Kawaguchi, H, et al. High signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images: relationship with increasing cumulative dose of a gadolinium-based contrast material. Radiology 2014; 270: 834–841.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI11. Weberling, LD, Kieslich, PJ, Kickingereder, P, et al. Increased signal intensity in the dentate nucleus on unenhanced T1-weighted images after gadobenate dimeglumine administration. Invest Radiol 2015; 50: 743–748.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI12. Hoggard, N, Roditi, GH. T1 hyperintensity on brain imaging subsequent to gadolinium-based contrast agent administration: what do we know about intracranial gadolinium deposition? Br J Radiol 2017; 90: 20160590.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline13. Rasschaert, M, Weller, RO, Schroeder, JA, et al. Retention of gadolinium in brain parenchyma: pathways for speciation, access, and distribution. A critical review. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52: 1293–1305.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline14. El-Khatib, AH, Radbruch, H, Trog, S, et al. Gadolinium in human brain sections and colocalization with other elements. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2019; 6: e515.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline15. Karimian-Jazi, K, Wildemann, B, Diem, R, et al. Gd contrast administration is dispensable in patients with MS without new T2 lesions on follow-up MRI. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2018; 5: e480.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline16. Eichinger, P, Schon, S, Pongratz, V, et al. Accuracy of unenhanced MRI in the detection of new brain lesions in multiple sclerosis. Radiology 2019; 291: 429–435.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline17. Breckwoldt, MO, Gradl, J, Hahnel, S, et al. Increasing the sensitivity of MRI for the detection of multiple sclerosis lesions by long axial coverage of the spinal cord: a prospective study in 119 patients. J Neurol 2017; 264: 341–349.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline18. Chen, Y, Haacke, EM, Bernitsas, E. Imaging of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: past, present, future. Brain Sci 2020; 10(11): 857.
Google Scholar |
Crossref19. Eden, D, Gros, C, Badji, A, et al. Spatial distribution of multiple sclerosis lesions in the cervical spinal cord. Brain 2019; 142: 633–646.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline20. Saslow, L, Li, DKB, Halper, J, et al. An international standardized magnetic resonance imaging protocol for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with multiple sclerosis. Int J MS Care 2020; 22: 226–232.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline21. Lohrke, J, Frisk, AL, Frenzel, T, et al. Histology and gadolinium distribution in the rodent brain after the administration of cumulative high doses of linear and macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents. Invest Radiol 2017; 52: 324–333.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline22. Rudie, JD, Mattay, RR, Schindler, M, et al. An initiative to reduce unnecessary gadolinium-based contrast in multiple sclerosis patients. J Am Coll Radiol 2019; 16: 1158–1164.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline23. Mattay, RR, Davtyan, K, Bilello, M, et al. Do All patients with multiple sclerosis benefit from the Use of contrast on serial follow-Up MR imaging? A retrospective analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39: 2001–2006.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline24. Sadigh, G, Saindane, AM, Waldman, AD, et al. Comparison of unenhanced and gadolinium-enhanced imaging in multiple sclerosis: is contrast needed for routine follow-Up MRI? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40: 1476–1480.
Google Scholar |
Medline25. Bagnato, F . Gadolinium should always be used to assess disease activity in MS - commentary. Mult Scler 2020; 26: 769–770.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals |
ISI26. Granziera, C, Reich, DS. Gadolinium should always be used to assess disease activity in MS – Yes. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2020; 26: 765–766.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals |
ISI27. Rovira, A, Wattjes, MP. Gadolinium should always be used to assess disease activity in MS - No. Mult Scler 2020; 26: 767–769.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals |
ISI28. Rio, J, Auger, C, Rovira, A. MR Imaging in monitoring and predicting treatment response in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2017; 27: 277–287.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline29. Brisset, JC, Kremer, S, Hannoun, S, et al. New OFSEP recommendations for MRI assessment of multiple sclerosis patients: special consideration for gadolinium deposition and frequent acquisitions. J Neuroradiol 2020; 47: 250–258.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline30. Lycklama, G, Thompson, A, Filippi, M, et al. Spinal-cord MRI in multiple sclerosis. The Lancet Neurology 2003; 2: 555–562.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI31. Wattjes, MP, Rovira, A, Miller, D, et al. Evidence-based guidelines: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis–establishing disease prognosis and monitoring patients. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11: 597–606.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI32. Thorpe, JW, Kidd, D, Moseley, IF, et al. Serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and spinal cord in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1996; 46: 373–378.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI33. Stankiewicz, JM, Neema, M, Alsop, DC, et al. Spinal cord lesions and clinical status in multiple sclerosis: a 1.5 T and 3 T MRI study. J Neurol Sci 2009; 279: 99–105.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI34. Hagens, MHJ, Burggraaff, J, Kilsdonk, ID, et al. Three-Tesla MRI does not improve the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a multicenter study. Neurology 2018; 91: e249–e257.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Comments (0)