Admon, L. K., Winkelman, T. N. A., Zivin, K., Terplan, M., Mhyre, J. M., Dalton, V. K. (2018). Racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence of severe maternal morbidity in the United States, 2012–2015. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 132(5), 1158–1166. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002937
Google Scholar American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists . (2016). Severe maternal morbidity: Screening and review. Obstetric care consensus No. 5. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 128(3), e54–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001642
Google Scholar Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agenor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. Lancet, 389(10077), 1453–1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X
Google Scholar Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2020). This time must be different: Disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Internal Medicine, 173(3), 233–234. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2247
Google Scholar Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2020). Hospitalization and death by race/ethnicity. Retrieved 12 May 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-race-ethnicity.html
Google Scholar Howell, E. A., Egorova, N. N., Janevic, T., Brodman, M., Balbierz, A., Zeitlin, J., Hebert, P. L. (2020). Race and ethnicity, medical insurance, and within-hospital severe maternal morbidity disparities. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 135(2), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003667
Google Scholar Johnson, P. D., Duzyj, C. M., Howell, E. A., Janevic, T. (2019). Patient and hospital characteristics associated with severe maternal morbidity among postpartum readmissions. Journal of Perinatology, 39(9), 1204–1212. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0426-6
Google Scholar Krieger, N. (2014). Discrimination and health inequities. International Journal of Health Services, 44(4), 643–710. https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.44.4.b
Google Scholar Laraia, B. A., Messer, L., Kaufman, J. S., Dole, N., Caughy, M., O’Campo, P., Savitz, D. A. (2006). Direct observation of neighborhood attributes in an urban area of the US south: Characterizing the social context of pregnancy. International Journal of Health Geography, 5, 11.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Matas, J. L., Mitchell, L. E., Sharma, S. V., Louis, J. M., Salemi, J. L. (2021). Severe maternal morbidity at delivery and postpartum readmission in the United States. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12762
Google Scholar Mujahid, M. S., Kan, P., Leonard, S. A., Hailu, E. M., Wall-Wieler, E., Abrams, B., Main, E., Profit, J., Carmichael, S. L. (2021). Birth hospital and racial and ethnic differences in severe maternal morbidity in the state of California. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 224(2), 219.E211–219.E215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.017
Google Scholar Reagan, P. B., Salsberry, P. J. (2005). Race and ethnic differences in determinants of preterm birth in the USA: Broadening the social context. Social Science and Medicine, 60(10), 2217–2228.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Taylor, J., Novoa, C., Hamm, K., Phadke, S. R. (2019). Eliminating racial disparities in maternal and infant mortality: A comprehensive policy blueprint. Center for American Progress. http://www.americanprogress.org.
Google Scholar Ulmer, J. T., Harris, C. T., Steffensmeier, D. (2012). Racial and ethnic disparities in structural disadvantage and crime: White, Black, and Hispanic comparisons. Social Science Quarterly, 93(3), 799–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00868.x
Google Scholar US Census Bureau . (n.d.). Current population survey, 1960 to 2020 annual social and economic supplement. www.census.gov
Google Scholar Wang, E., Glazer, K. B., Howell, E. A., Janevic, T. M. (2020). Social determinants of pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity in the United States: A systematic review. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 135(4), 896–915. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003762
Google Scholar Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., Davis, B. A. (2019). Racism and health: Evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40, 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750
Google Scholar