This work aimed to elucidate whether maternal lithium chloride (LiCl) exposure disturbs the thyroid-cerebral axis in neonatal albino rats. 50 mg of LiCl/kg. b.wt. is orally given for pregnant Wistar rats from gestational day (GD) 1 to lactation day (LD) 28. The maternal administration of LiCl-induced follicular dilatation and degeneration, hyperplasia, lumen obliteration, and colloid vacuolation in the maternal and neonatal thyroid gland at postnatal days (PNDs) 14, 21, and 28. Neuronal degeneration (spongiform), gliosis, nuclear pyknosis, perivascular edema, and meningeal hyperemia were observed in the neonatal cerebral cortex of the maternal LiCl-treated group at all examined PNDs. This disturbance appears to depend on intensification in the neonatal cerebral malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, and attenuation in the glutathione (GSH), total thiol (t-SH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. In the neonatal cerebrum, the fold change in the relative mRNA expression of deiodinases (DII and DIII) increased significantly at PNDs 21 and 14, respectively, in the maternal LiCl-treated group. These data suggest that maternal LiCl may perturb the thyroid-cerebrum axis generating neonatal neurodevelopmental disorder.