1.
SAMHSA . Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, national surveys on drug use and health, 2011–2012 to 2014–2015,
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015.pdf (2016, accessed 10 December 2020).
Google Scholar2.
Primm, A, Vasquez, M, Mays, R, et al. African Americans. In: Ruiz, P, Primm, A (eds) Disparities in psychiatric care. Washington, DC: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2010.
Google Scholar3.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . Racial/ethnic differences in mental health service use among adults,
https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/racialethnic-differences-mental-health-service-use-among-adults (2015, accessed 1 October 2020).
Google Scholar4.
Das-Munshi, J, Bhugra, D, Crawford, M. Ethnic minority inequalities in access to treatments for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders: findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMC Med 2018; 16: 55.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline5.
Crishon, K, Anderson, D, Arora, G, et al. Race and psychiatric diagnostic patterns: understanding the influence of hospital characteristics in the National Hospital Discharge Survey. J Natl Med Assoc 2012; 104: 505–509.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline6.
Soleman, M, Lam, N, Woo, B. Ethnic and age disparities in patients taking long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotics. Cureus 2017; 9: e1772.
Google Scholar |
Medline7.
Kuno, E, Rothbard, A. Racial disparities in antipsychotic prescription patterns for patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 567–572.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI8.
Puyat, J, Daw, J, Cunningham, C, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of antipsychotic medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48: 1861–1872.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline9.
Diaz, F, De Leon, J. Excessive antipsychotic dosing in 2 U.S. state hospitals. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 998–1003.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI10.
Kreyenbuhl, J, Zito, J, Buchanan, R, et al. Racial disparity in the pharmacological management of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2003; 29: 183–193.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI11.
Walkup, J, McAlpine, D, Olfson, M, et al. Patients with schizophrenia at risk for excessive antipsychotic dosing. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61: 344–348.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI12.
Goldacre, M, Davison, J, Lambert, T. Country of training and ethnic origin of UK doctors: database and survey studies. Br Med J 2004; 329: 597.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline13.
Connolly, A, Taylor, D. Ethnicity and quality of antipsychotic prescribing among in-patients in south London. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 193: 161–162.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI14.
Connolly, A, Taylor, D, Sparshatt, A, et al. Antipsychotic prescribing in black and white hospitalised patients. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25: 704–709.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals |
ISI15.
Connolly, A, Taylor, D. Does race affect prescribing for acute psychosis? Evaluation by a case vignette. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2016; 6: 172–177.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals |
ISI16.
Solmi, M, Murra, A, Pacchiaroti, I, et al. Safety, tolerability, and risks associated with first- and second-generation antipsychotics: a state-of-the-art clinical review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2017; 13: 757–777.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline17.
Hasan, A, Falkai, P, Wobrock, T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part I: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13: 318–378.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI18.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) . Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management (Standard No. CG178),
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178 (2014, accessed 10 December 2020).
Google Scholar19.
Keepers, G, Fochtmann, L, Anzia, J, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177: 868–872.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline20.
Moore, TA, Buchanan, RW, Buckley, PF, et al. The Texas Medication Algorithm Project Antipsychotic Algorithm for Schizophrenia: 2006 Update. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68 1751–1762
Google Scholar |
Crossref21.
Gardner, D, Murphy, A, O’Donnell, H, et al. International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 686–693.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI22.
Owens, DC. A guide to the extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotic drug. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Google Scholar |
Crossref23.
Cooper, S, Reynolds, G, Barnes, T, et al. BAP guidelines on the MGMT of weight gain, metabolic disturbances and CVD risk associated with psychosis and antipsychotic drug treatment. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30: 717–748.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals |
ISI24.
Woods, S. Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatr 2003; 64: 663–667.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI25.
Leucht, S, Samara, M, Heres, S, et al. Dose equivalents for second-generation antipsychotic drugs: the classical mean dose method. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41: 1397–1402.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline26.
Bell, C, Jackson, W, Bell, B. Misdiagnosis of African-Americans with psychiatric issues-part II. J Natl Med Assoc 2015; 107: 35–41.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline27.
Coulter, C, Baker, K, Margolis, R. Specialized consultation for suspected recent-onset schizophrenia: diagnostic clarity and the distorting impact of anxiety and reported auditory hallucinations. J Psychiatr Pract 2019; 25: 76–81.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline28.
Edlinger, M, Rettenbacher, M, Kemmler, G, et al. Prescribing practice in inpatients versus outpatients with schizophrenia initiating treatment with second-generation antipsychotics: a naturalistic follow-up study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 36: 621–627.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline29.
Khurshid, K. Comorbid insomnia and psychiatric disorders: an update. Innov Clin Neurosci 2018; 15: 28–32.
Google Scholar |
Medline30.
Kelly, D, Freudenreich, O, Sayer, M, et al. Addressing barriers to clozapine underutilization: a national effort. Psychiatr Serv 2018; 69: 224–227.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline31.
Bogers, J, Schulte, P, Van Dijk, D, et al. Clozapine underutilization in the treatment of schizophrenia: how can clozapine prescription rates be improved? J Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 36: 109–111.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI32.
Mistry, H, Osborn, D. Underuse of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2011; 17: 250.
Google Scholar |
Crossref33.
Danivas, V, Venkatasubramanian, G. Current perspectives on chlorpromazine equivalents: comparing apples and oranges! Indian J Psychiatry 2013; 55: 207–208.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline34.
Patel, M, Arista, I, Taylor, M, et al. How to compare doses of different antipsychotics: a systematic review of methods. Schizophr Res 2013; 149: 141–148.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI
Comments (0)