Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a relapsing and remitting condition characterized by a chronic inflammatory state of the gastrointestinal tract [1,2]. IBD is represented by two idiopathic phenotypes: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), each of which can impact all areas of patients’ lives, including school, work, family, and social life. The incidence and prevalence of IBD are increasing worldwide [3], whereas the highest prevalence of IBD has been reported in Europe and North America. In Asia and the Middle East, the estimated annual incidence of ulcerative colitis is 6.3 per 100,000 person-years and 5.0 per 100,000 person-years for Crohn’s disease [4]. Both UC and CD may occur in adolescents and adults and affect men and women equally, and their symptoms are very similar despite some differences [5]. Some of the symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and weight loss. In addition, CD can cause pain, fever, and bleeding in severe cases. It affects any part of the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, or the entire layers of the intestine, while UC affects the mucosal layers of the colon and is associated with blood in stool, severe pain, and rectal bleeding, which are more common in UC [5].

IBD patients are highly susceptible to being malnourished due to nutrients malabsorption, impaired digestion, and increased nutrient loss, namely micronutrient deficiencies including vitamins A, B1, B6, B12, and D and various minerals such as iron and zinc [6], which have been found to be associated with more complicated health issues. For instance, it has been found that low folate, vitamin B6, and B12 levels in IBD patients are attributed to elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory mediator homocysteine, a predictor of comorbidities and associated with disease severity among IBD patients [7]. However, malnutrition is considered the major leading cause of increased muscle catabolism, muscle loss and dysfunction, i.e., sarcopenia, among IBD patients, which results in altered body composition, impaired physical performance, and poor clinical outcomes [8]. These factors may not act independently, but they often influence each other, creating a cycle that exacerbates disease burden and complicates management.

Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with significant psychosocial burden [9]. It is negatively affects patients’ social-daily functioning and impacts their psychological and social well-being [10], work productivity, health-related quality of life, emotional and mental health. Moreover, IBD symptoms like bleeding, cramps, and fatigue have been associated with social and interpersonal interaction impairments [11]. It is documented that mental health issues, including anxiety and depression, are prevalent among IBD patients due to the chronic nature of the disease [9].

In recent year, the care of IBD patients has dramatically improved, and management strategies have evolved to prevent disease progression and provide better long-term clinical outcomes [12]. The developed therapies include conventional treatments that control symptoms through pharmacotherapy, such as aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biologics. Moreover, new therapeutic strategies involve small molecules, apheresis therapy, improved intestinal microecology, cell therapy, and exosome therapy. Furthermore, therapeutic approaches include patient education about diet and psychology, which appears to be beneficial for IBD management and control [13]. Numerous studies have shown that aspects of management, including multidisciplinary care and patient engagement and adherence to IBD therapy, contribute positively to outcomes in IBD patients, particularly improved disease course, fewer hospitalizations and emergency visits, and better quality of life (QoL) [14].

In the present study, we aimed to investigate and provide insight into IBD management among IBD patients by analyzing patients control after being diagnosed and identifying which risk factors are influenced their IBD control level.