A Hypothesis on the Historical Development of Obesity that is Not Only About Food

Speakman JR, Sorensen TIA, Hall KD, Allison DB. Unanswered questions about the causes of obesity. Science. 2023;381:944–6. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg2718.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flier JS. Moderating "the great debate": The carbohydrate-insulin vs. the energy balance models of obesity. Cell Metab. 2023;35:737–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.020.

Magkos F, Sorensen TIA, Raubenheimer D, Dhurandhar NV, Loos RJF, Bosy-Westphal A, et al. On the pathogenesis of obesity: causal models and missing pieces of the puzzle. Nat Metab. 2024;6:1856–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-024-01106-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hall KD, Farooqi IS, Friedman JM, Klein S, Loos RJF, Mangelsdorf DJ, et al. The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;115:1243–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac031.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ludwig DS, Apovian CM, Aronne LJ, Astrup A, Cantley LC, Ebbeling CB, et al. Competing paradigms of obesity pathogenesis: energy balance versus carbohydrate-insulin models. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022;76:1209–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-022-01179-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ludwig DS, Aronne LJ, Astrup A, de Cabo R, Cantley LC, Friedman MI, et al. The carbohydrate-insulin model: a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114:1873–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab270.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wiklund P. The role of physical activity and exercise in obesity and weight management: Time for critical appraisal. J Sport Health Sci. 2016;5:151–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.04.001.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee JH, Duster M, Roberts T, Devinsky O. United States dietary trends since 1800: Lack of association between saturated fatty acid consumption and non-communicable diseases. Front Nutr. 2021;8:748847. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.748847.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mozaffarian D. Perspective: Obesity–an unexplained epidemic. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;115:1445–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac075.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Speakman JR, de Jong JMA, Sinha S, Westerterp KR, Yamada Y, Sagayama H, et al. Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure. Nat Metab. 2023;5:579–88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Archer E, Shook RP, Thomas DM, Church TS, Katzmarzyk PT, Hebert JR, et al. 45-Year trends in women’s use of time and household management energy expenditure. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e56620. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056620.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Church TS, Thomas DM, Tudor-Locke C, Katzmarzyk PT, Earnest CP, Rodarte RQ, et al. Trends over 5 decades in U.S. occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity. PLoS One. 2011;6:e19657. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019657.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kumahara H, Tanaka H, Schutz Y. Are pedometers adequate instruments for assessing energy expenditure? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63:1425–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.108.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahadeva K, Passmore R, Woolf B. Individual variations in the metabolic cost of standardized exercises: The effects of food, age, sex and race. J Physiol. 1953;121:225–31. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004943.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Westerterp KR, Speakman JR. Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:1256–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, Purcell K, Shulkes A, Kriketos A, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1597–604. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1105816.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magkos F, Tetens I, Bugel SG, Felby C, Schacht SR, Hill JO, et al. The environmental foodprint of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28:73–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22657.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diaz EO, Prentice AM, Goldberg GR, Murgatroyd PR, Coward WA. Metabolic response to experimental overfeeding in lean and overweight healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:641–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/56.4.641.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klein S, Goran M. Energy metabolism in response to overfeeding in young adult men. Metabolism. 1993;42:1201–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(93)90281-r.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ravussin E, Burnand B, Schutz Y, Jequier E. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate in obese, moderately obese, and control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;35:566–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/35.3.566.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blundell JE, Gibbons C, Beaulieu K, Casanova N, Duarte C, Finlayson G, et al. The drive to eat in homo sapiens: Energy expenditure drives energy intake. Physiol Behav. 2020;219:112846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112846.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Protsiv M, Ley C, Lankester J, Hastie T, Parsonnet J. Decreasing human body temperature in the United States since the industrial revolution. Elife. 2020;9:e49555. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.49555.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pedersen MM, Ekstrom CT, Sorensen TIA. Emergence of the obesity epidemic preceding the presumed obesogenic transformation of the society. Sci Adv. 2023;9:eadg6237. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg6237.

Komlos J, Brabec M. The trend of BMI values of US adults by deciles, birth cohorts 1882–1986 stratified by gender and ethnicity. Econ Hum Biol. 2011;9:234–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2011.03.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heindel JJ, Lustig RH, Howard S, Corkey BE. Obesogens: a unifying theory for the global rise in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2024;48:449–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-024-01460-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansen J, Ruedy R, Sato M, Lo K. Global surface temperature change. Rev Geophys. 2010;48:RG4004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RG000345.

Senn JR, Maushart CI, Gashi G, Michel R, Lalived’Epinay M, Vogt R, et al. Outdoor temperature influences cold induced thermogenesis in humans. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1184. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01184.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gurven M, Kraft TS, Alami S, Adrian JC, Linares EC, Cummings D, et al. Rapidly declining body temperature in a tropical human population. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eabc6599. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc6599.

Koch CA, Sharda P, Patel J, Gubbi S, Bansal R, Bartel MJ. Climate change and obesity. Horm Metab Res. 2021;53:575–87. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1533-2861.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Tan H, Zheng H, Ma Z, Zhan Y, Hu K, et al. Exposure to air pollution and gains in body weight and waist circumference among middle-aged and older adults. Sci Total Environ. 2023;869:161895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161895.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grandjean P, Meddis A, Nielsen F, Sjodin A, Hjorth MF, Astrup A, et al. Weight loss relapse associated with exposure to perfluorinated alkylate substances. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2023;31:1686–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23755.

Article 

Comments (0)

No login
gif