Nyhan WL, Wessel MA. Neonatal growth in weight of normal infants on four different feeding regimens. Pediatrics. 1954;14:442–8.
Drake TGH. American infant feeding bottles, 1841 to 1946, as disclosed by united states: patent specifications. J Hist Med Allied Sci. 1948;3(4):507–24.
Wickes IG. A history of infant feeding. Arch Dis Child. 1953;28(138):151–8.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mathew OP. Nipple units for newborn infants: a functional comparison. Pediatrics. 1988;81(5):688.
Fomon S, et al. Skim milk in infant-feeding. ACTA Paediatr Scand. 1977;66:17–30.
Wen L, et al. Effectiveness of an early intervention on infant feeding practices and tummy time A randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165:701–7.
Hay J, Moss P, Ryan M. Self-demand feeding in a maternity unit. BMJ. 1952;2:1180–2.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Simsarian F, McLendon P. Further records of the self-demand schedule in infant feeding - a narrative by the mother with discussion by the pediatrician. J Pediatr. 1945;27:109–14.
Illingworth R, et al. Self-demand feeding in a maternity unit. Lancet. 1952;262:683–7.
Mathew OP. Breathing patterns of preterm infants during bottle feeding: role of milk flow. J Pediatr. 1991;119(6):960–5.
Hanlon MB, et al. Deglutition apnoea as indicator of maturation of suckle feeding in bottle-fed preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39(8):534–42.
Mizuno K, Ueda A. The maturation and coordination of sucking, swallowing, and respiration in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2003;142(1):36–40.
Stunkard A, et al. Energy intake, net energy output, is a determinant of body size in infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:524–30.
Parsons TJ, et al. Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes. 1999;23:S1–107.
Baird J, et al. Being big or growing fast: systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity. Bmj-British Med J. 2005;331(7522):929–31.
Ong KK, Loos RJF. Rapid infancy weight gain and subsequent obesity: systematic reviews and hopeful suggestions. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95(8):904–8.
Savage J, et al. Effect of the INSIGHT responsive parenting intervention on rapid infant weight gain and overweight status at age 1 year A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170:742–9.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Savage J, et al. INSIGHT responsive parenting intervention and infant feeding practices: randomized clinical trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018;15.
Seach K, et al. Delayed introduction of solid feeding reduces child overweight and obesity at 10 years. Int J Obes. 2010;34:1475–9.
Mennella JA, Jagnow CP, Beauchamp GK. Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human infants. Pediatrics. 2001;107(6):partno–e88.
Mennella JA, Bobowski NK, Reed DR. The development of sweet taste: from biology to hedonics. Reviews Endocr Metabolic Disorders. 2016;17(2):171–8.
Pan L, et al. A longitudinal analysis of sugar-sweetened beverage intake in infancy and obesity at 6 years. Pediatrics. 2014;134:S29–35.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Llewellyn C, Fildes A. Behavioural susceptibility theory: professor Jane wardle and the role of appetite in genetic risk of obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2017;638–45.
Andes LJ, et al. Prevalence of prediabetes among adolescents and young adults in the United States, 2005–2016. Jama Pediatr. 2020;174(2):9.
Argenio KL et al. Increasing disparities in obesity and severe obesity prevalence among public elementary and middle school students in new York city, school years 2011-12 through 2019-20. PLoS ONE, 2024;19(5).
Collaboration NCDRF. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390(10113):2627–42.
Wardle J, et al. Obesity associated genetic variation in FTO is associated with diminished satiety. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3640–3.
Llewellyn CH, et al. Nature and nurture in infant appetite: analysis of the gemini twin birth cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1172–9.
Elks C, et al. Genetic markers of adult obesity risk are associated with greater early infancy weight gain and growth. PLOS MEDICINE, 2010;7.
Epstein LH, et al. Food reinforcement and parental obesity predict future weight gain in non-obese adolescents. Appetite. 2014;82:138–42.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Crandall AK, et al. The effect of financial scarcity on reinforcer pathology: a dyadic developmental examination. Children; 2022;9:1338.
Kolko R, et al. Mothers’ loss of control over eating during pregnancy in relation to their infants’ appetitive traits. Appetite. 2018;120:1–5.
Rios JM, et al. Associations of maternal food addiction, dietary restraint, and pre-pregnancy BMI with infant eating behaviors and risk for overweight. Appetite. 2023;184:106516.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Epstein LH, et al. Food reinforcement and obesity. Psychological moderators. Appetite. 2012;58(1):157–62.
Lumey LH, Stein AD, Susser E. Prenatal famine and adult health, in annual review of public health, J.E. Fielding, R.C. Brownson, and L.W. Green, Editors. 2011, Annual Reviews: Palo Alto. 2011;32:237–62.
McNamara JM, Houston AI. The value of fat reserves and the tradeoff between starvation and predation. Acta Biotheor. 1990;38(1):37–61.
Llewellyn CH, et al. Development and factor structure of the baby eating behaviour questionnaire in the gemini birth cohort. Appetite. 2011;57(2):388–96.
Llewellyn C, et al. Nature and nurture in infant appetite: analysis of the Gemini twin birth cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1172–9.
Savino F, et al. Mismatch amplification mutation assay real-time PCR analysis of the leptin gene G2548A and A19G polymorphisms and serum leptin in infancy: a preliminary investigation. Hormone Res Paediatrics. 2016;85:318–24.
Llewellyn C, et al. Satiety mechanisms in genetic risk of obesity. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168:338–44.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kong KL, Epstein LH. Food reinforcement during infancy. Prev Med. 2016;92:100–5.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cummings JR, et al. Prospective relations of maternal reward-related eating, pregnancy ultra-processed food intake and weight indicators, and feeding mode with infant appetitive traits. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity. 2022;19(1):10.
Costa A, et al. Early life exposures are associated with appetitive traits in infancy: findings from the BiTwin cohort. Eur J Nutr. 2023;62(2):757–69.
Amissah E, et al. The relationship between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and infant appetitive feeding behaviour at 6 months. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):12.
Forestell C, Mennella J. More than just a pretty face. The relationship between infant’s temperament, food acceptance, and mothers’ perceptions of their enjoyment of food. Appetite. 2012;58:1136–42.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Stein SF, et al. Infant distress in a food delay task changes with development and predicts amount consumed. Front Nutr. 2022;9:12.
Feldman K, et al. Characterization of a vigorous sucking style in early infancy and its predictive value for weight gain and eating behaviors at 12 months. Appetite. 2023;185:11.
Bahorski JS, Schneider-Worthington CR, Chandler-Laney PC. Modified eating in the absence of hunger test is associated with appetitive traits in infants. Eat Behav. 2020;36:101342.
Tucker JAL, et al. Leptin and energy balance: exploring leptin’s role in the regulation of energy intake and energy expenditure. Nutr Neurosci. 2024;27(1):87–95.
Linares AM, et al. Degree of agreement between infant serum and salivary concentration of leptin and adiponectin and its association with infants’ feeding. Biol Res Nurs. 2021;23(3):541–9.
Anik A, et al. Association between umbilical cord levels of Glypican-1, Glypican-3, Syndecan-1, WISP1, leptin and birth weight of small, appropriate, and large for gestational age infants. Turkish Archives Pediatr. 2022;57:61–7.
Milaneschi Y, et al. Leptin dysregulation is specifically associated with major depression with atypical features: evidence for a mechanism connecting obesity and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81(9):807–14.
Scorrano G, et al. Neuroendocrine effects on the risk of metabolic syndrome in children. Metabolites. 2023;13(7).
Vähämiko S, Isolauri E, Laitinen K. Weight status and dietary intake determine serum leptin concentrations in pregnant and lactating women and their infants. Br J Nutr. 2013;110:1098–106.
Aydin H, et al. Assessing leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels in full-term asymmetric small for gestational age and healthy neonates. Turk J Pediatr. 2014;56:250–8.
Yasin M, Kassem A, Soliman AT. Leptin in pediatrics: a hormone from adipocyte that wheels several functions in children. Indian J Endocrinol Metabol. 2012;16(Suppl 3):S577–87.
Kaar J, et al. Leptin levels at birth and infant growth: the EPOCH study. J Dev Origins Health Disease. 2014;5:214–8.
de Fluiter K, et al. Appetite-regulating hormone trajectories and relationships with fat mass development in term-born infants during the first 6 months of life. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:3717–25.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Arita Y, et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;257(1):79–83.
Kamoda T, et al. Serum adiponectin concentrations in newborn infants in early postnatal life. Pediatr Res. 2004;56(5):690–3.
Comments (0)