Emerging and re-emerging viruses are known as a major global public health problem, mainly in light of their capacity to mediate severe systemic diseases regardless of their primary site of infection (Hoffman and Maldonado, 2024). Although neurological and respiratory presentations associated with emerging and re-emerging viruses are clearly investigated, emerging findings show that the effect of these viruses on the cardiovascular system is not fully determined (Meyding-Lamadé et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2024; Nerella et al., 2022). Infections caused by emerging and re-emerging viruses, including those by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), are associated with various cardiovascular disorders, such as arrhythmias, myocarditis, vascular abnormalities, and thromboembolic disorders. These disorders may be a result of direct viral effects, immune-caused complications, and/or endothelial abnormalities (Nerella et al., 2022; Tintore et al., 2024; Pearson et al., 2024; Lagi et al., 2024; Araiza-Garaygordobil et al., 2021). Although the cardiovascular effects of SARS-CoV-2, DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV have been thoroughly investigated in adults, their impact on the pediatric cardiovascular system is not fully determined. Children and infants, while commonly developing less severe symptoms, may experience notable cardiovascular manifestations during infections caused by these viral infections, which can result in both acute and long-term complications (Nerella et al., 2022; Abhinayaa et al., 2021; Jone et al., 2022).

For instance, SARS-CoV-2 has been involved in MIS-C (a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children), which is a pathological condition marked by severe inflammation impacting various organ systems, such as the cardiovascular system. Investigations have shown various cases of arrhythmias, myocarditis, and heart failure in children with MIS-C (Khan et al., 2024; Rafferty et al., 2021). Similarly, DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV have also been demonstrated to be involved in myocarditis and vascular disorders in children, underscoring the potential of these viruses to impact the cardiovascular system (Abhinayaa et al., 2021; Wadia et al., 2024; Barbosa et al., 2023). Determining the underlying mechanisms by which these emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens can promote CVDs in the pediatric population is significantly needed for introducing targeted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The present review aims to discuss various CVDs associated with SARS-CoV-2, DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV in children and their pathophysiological mechanisms. Moreover, it discusses the diagnostic challenges for viral-caused cardiovascular disorders in children, owing to their common subtle or atypical manifestations. Finally, it addresses the present therapeutic specifically used for pediatrics. A comprehensive understanding of these aspects is required for enhancing early detection, maximizing treatment effectiveness, and decreasing long-term cardiovascular risks in pediatric patients.