Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004–2020), we identified RNU patients and documented BCE status. Prior and after propensity score matching (ratio 1:1), cumulative incidence plots and competing risk regression (CRR) models addressed cancer specific mortality (CSM) and other-cause mortality (OCM).

Of 4,426 RNU-treated patients, 3,186 (72%) patients underwent BCE and 1,240 (28%) did not. BCE rates significantly increased over time from 65.2 to 77.0% (EAPC: +1.0%, 95% CI +0.4 to +1.6%, P = 0.004) between 2004 and 2020. After 1:1 propensity score matching for T stage, 1,240 of 1,240 (100%) RNU patients without BCE and 1,240 of 3,186 (39%) RNU patients with BCE were included in subsequent analyses. Five-year CSM rates were 30% in RNU with BCE vs. 36% in RNU without BCE patients (Δ = 6%). In multivariable CRR, RNU with BCE independently predicted lower CSM (HR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70–0.93; P < 0.001). Conversely, BCE status did not affect OCM (P = 0.4).

The rate of guideline recommended BCE at RNU increased over time. Additionally, RNU with BCE is associated with significantly lower CSM than RNU without BCE in pT1-T3N0 UTUC patients. In consequence, BCE should represent an integral part of a comprehensive RNU.