Ahuja A, Graves VB, Crosby DL, Strother CM (1992) Anomalous origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery from the internal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 13(6):1625–1626

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akar ZC, Dujovny M, Slavin KV, Gomez-Tortosa E, Ausman JI (1994) Microsurgical anatomy of the intracranial part of the vertebral artery. Neurol Res 16:171–180

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akgun V, Battal B, Bozkurt Y, Oz O, Hamcan S, Sari S et al (2013) Normal anatomical features and variations of the vertebrobasilar circulation and its branches: an analysis with 64-detector row CT and 3T MR angiographies. Sci World J 2013:620162. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/620162

Article  Google Scholar 

Andoh K, Tanohata K, Moriya N, Hagiwara H, Lee J, Sato M et al (2001) The posterior inferior cerebellar artery arising from the extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery via the hypoglossal canal without an interposed segment of the basilar artery: a persistent primitive hypoglossal artery variant. Clin Imaging 25(2):86–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-7071(01)00265-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arráez-Aybar LA, Villar-Martin A, Poyatos-Ruiperez C, Rodriguez-Boto G, Arrazola-Garcia J (2013) Prevalence of fenestrated basilar artery with magnetic resonance angiography: a transversal study. Surg Radiol Anat 35:487–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-012-1053-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bayrak AH, Senturk S, Akay HO, Ozmen CA, Bukte Y, Nazaroglu H (2011) The frequency of intracranial arterial fenestrations: a study with 64-Detector CT-Angiography. Eur J Radiol 77:392–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.09.015

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bertulli L, Robert T (2021) Embryological development of the human cranio-facial arterial system: a pictorial review. Surg Radiol Anat 43:961–973

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhat DI, Somanna S, Kovoor J, Chandramoul BA (2009) Aneurysms from extracranial, extradurally originating posterior inferior cerebellar arteries: a rare case report. Surg Neurol 72(4):406–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2008.09.021

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonasia S, Di Caterino F, Robert T (2024) Embryology of the vertebral artery and variants of the adult. Neurochirurgie 70(3):101517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2023.101517

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bożek P, Pilch-Kowalczyk J, Kluczewska E, Zymon-Zagórska A (2012) Detection of cerebral artery fenestrations by computed tomography angiography. Neurol Neurochir Pol 46:239–244. https://doi.org/10.5114/ninp.2012.29132

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bradac GB (2017) Applied cerebral angiography: normal anatomy and vascular pathology. Springer, Cham

Book  Google Scholar 

Brinjikji W, Cloft H, Kallmes DF (2009) Anatomy of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery: relevance for C1–C2 puncture procedures. Clin Anat 22(3):319–323. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.20785

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cho YD, Han MH, Lee JY (2011) Double origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery with juxta-proximal fenestration of caudal component. Surg Radiol Anat 33(3):271–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-010-0747-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Congdon ED (1922) Transformation of the aortic-arch system during the development of the human embryo. Contrib Embryol Carneg Instn 68:47–110

Google Scholar 

Cooke DL, Stout CE, Kim WT, Kansagra AP, Yu JP, Gu A, Jewell NP, Hetts SW, Higashida RT, Dowd CF et al (2014) Cerebral arterial fenestrations. Interv Neuroradiol 20:261. https://doi.org/10.15274/INR-2014-10027

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Oliveira E, Rhoton AL, Peace D (1985) Microsurgical anatomy of the region of the foramen magnum. Surg Neurol 24:293–352

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Demartini ZJ, de Oliveira TVH, Guimaraes R, Lohr A Jr, Koppe GL, Gatto LAM (2018) Posterior inferior cerebellar artery origin over the C2 posterior arch. Pediatr Neurosurg 53(5):364–366. https://doi.org/10.1159/000489814

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fine AD, Cardoso A, Rhoton AL Jr (1999) Microsurgical anatomy of the extracranial-extradural origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. J Neurosurg 91:645–652. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.91.4.0645

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giragani S, Pavunesan SK, Balasubramaniam A, Agrawal V, Alwala S, Kumar A (2018) Rete mirabile of posterior inferior cerebellar artery: a rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Interv Neuroradiol 24:662–665. https://doi.org/10.1177/1591019918782147

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gregg L, Gailloud P (2017) The role of the primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis of padget in variations of the vertebrobasilar arterial system: the primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis. Anat Rec 300:2025–2038

Article  Google Scholar 

Huynh-Le P, Matsushima T, Muratani H, Hikita T, Hirokawa E (2004) Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery associated with proxi¬mal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm. Surg Neurol 62(6):546–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2004.03.018

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kathuria S, Gregg L, Chen J, Gandhi D (2011) Normal cerebral arterial development and variations. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 32:242–251

Article  Google Scholar 

Katsuno M, Tanikawa R, Ota N, Izumi N, Hashimoto M (2012) Subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm arising from the extracranial portion of an anomalous vertebral artery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 52:499–501. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.52.499

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim MS (2016) Developmental anomalies of the distal vertebral artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery: diagnosis by CT angiography and literature review. Surg Radiol Anat 38:997–1006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krystkiewicz K, Ciszek B, Szylberg Ł, Tosik M, Harat M (2021) Morphological analysis of cerebral artery fenestrations and their correlation with intracranial aneurysms. World Neurosurg. 156:e85–e92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2021.08.137

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jabre R (2024) Applied anatomy of the vertebral arteries for endovascular neurointerventions. Neurochirurgie 70:101531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2024.101531

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ionete C, Omojola MF (2006) MR angiographic demonstration of bilateral duplication of the extracranial vertebral artery: unusual course and review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:1304–1306

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Isaji T, Yasuda M, Kawaguchi R, Aoyama M, Niwa A, Nakura T et al (2018) Posterior inferior cerebellar artery with an extradural origin from the V3 segment: higher incidence on the nondominant vertebral artery. J Neurosurg Spine 28:154–159. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.5.SPINE161286

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lasjaunias P, Braun JP, Hasso AN (1980) True and false fenestration of the vertebral artery. J Neuroradiol 7:157–166

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lasjaunias P, Guibert-Tranier F, Braun JP (1981) The pharyngo-cerebellar artery or ascending pharyngeal artery origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. J Neuroradiol 8(4):317–325

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lasjaunias P, Vallee B, Person H, Ter Brugge K, Chiu M (1985) The lateral spinal artery of the upper cervical spinal cord: anatomy, normal variations, and angiographic aspects. J Neurosurg 63:235–241

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lasjaunias PL, Berenstein A, Brugge TKG (2001) Surgical neuroangiography, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin/New York

Google Scholar 

Lee SH, Koh JS, Ryu CW, Bang JS (2009) Fenestration of the double origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery associated with a contralateral vertebral artery dissection. Cerebellum 8:382–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-009-0108-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lesley WS, Rajab MH, Case RS (2007) Double origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery: association with intracranial aneurysm on catheter angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189:893–897. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.2453