Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM (2014) Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA 311:806–814

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH (2007) Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr 150:12-17.e12

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T (1993) Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature. Prev Med 22:167–177

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rey-López JP, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Biosca M, Moreno LA (2008) Sedentary behaviour and obesity development in children and adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18:242–251

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burke V, Beilin LJ, Durkin K, Stritzke WG, Houghton S, Cameron CA (2006) Television, computer use, physical activity, diet and fatness in Australian adolescents. Int J Pediatr Obes 1:248–255

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Altenburg TM, de Kroon ML, Renders CM, Hirasing R, Chinapaw MJ (2013) TV time but not computer time is associated with cardiometabolic risk in Dutch young adults. PLoS ONE 8:e57749

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simons M, Chinapaw MJM, van de Bovenkamp M, de Boer MR, Seidell JC, Brug J, de Vet E (2014) Active video games as a tool to prevent excessive weight gain in adolescents: rationale, design and methods of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 14:275

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kenney EL, Gortmaker SL (2017) United States adolescents’ television, computer, videogame, smartphone, and tablet use: associations with sugary drinks, sleep, physical activity, and obesity. J Pediatr 182:144–149

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robinson S, Daly RM, Ridgers ND, Salmon J (2015) Screen-based behaviors of children and cardiovascular risk factors. J Pediatr 167:1239–1245

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Delfino LD, Dos Santos Silva DA, Tebar WR, Zanuto EF, Codogno JS, Fernandes RA, Christofaro DG (2018) Screen time by different devices in adolescents: association with physical inactivity domains and eating habits. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 58:318–325

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carson V, Kuzik N, Hunter S, Wiebe SA, Spence JC, Friedman A, Tremblay MS, Slater LG, Hinkley T (2015) Systematic review of sedentary behavior and cognitive development in early childhood. Prev Med 78:115–122

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stiglic N, Viner RM (2019) Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open 9:e023191

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

(2001) American Academy of Pediatrics: Children, adolescents, and television. Pediatrics 107: 423–426

(2016) Media Use in School-Aged Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 138:

Eagle TF, Gurm R, Smith CA, Corriveau N, DuRussell-Weston J, Palma-Davis L, Aaronson S, Goldberg C, Kline-Rogers E, Cotts T, Jackson EA, Eagle KA (2013) A middle school intervention to improve health behaviors and reduce cardiac risk factors. Am J Med 126:903–908

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

U.S. Census Bureau USDoC (2023) ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles Selected Economic Characteristics. American Community Survey,

Ratcliffe M, Burd C, Holder K, Fields A (2016) Defining rural at the US Census Bureau. American Commun Survey Geogr Brief 1:1–8

Google Scholar 

Corriveau N, Eagle T, Jiang Q, Rogers R, Gurm R, Aaronson S, Mitchell L, DuRussel-Weston J, Kline-Rogers E, Eagle KA, Jackson EA (2015) Sustained benefit over four-year follow-up of Michigan’s project healthy schools. Am J Public Health 105:E19–E25

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoelscher DM, Day RS, Kelder SH, Ward JL (2003) Reproducibility and validity of the secondary level school-based nutrition monitoring student questionnaire. J Am Diet Assoc 103:186–194

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025. 9th Edition. December 2020. Available at DietaryGuidelines.gov.:

Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Galuska DA, George SM, Olson RD (2018) The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA 320:2020–2028

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L, Greenlund K, Daniels S, Nichol G, Tomaselli GF, Arnett DK, Fonarow GC, Ho PM, Lauer MS, Masoudi FA, Robertson RM, Roger V, Schwamm LH, Sorlie P, Yancy CW, Rosamond WD (2010) Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation 121:586–613

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vizcaino M, Buman M, DesRoches T, Wharton C (2020) From TVs to tablets: the relation between device-specific screen time and health-related behaviors and characteristics. BMC Public Health 20:1295

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simons M, Brug J, Chinapaw MJ, de Boer M, Seidell J, de Vet E (2015) Replacing non-active video gaming by active video gaming to prevent excessive weight gain in adolescents. PLoS ONE 10:e0126023

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang P, Tang X, Peng X, Hao G, Luo S, Liang X (2022) Effect of screen time intervention on obesity among children and adolescent: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Prev Med 157:107014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sang CJ, Song X, de Visser RSF, Krallman R, Montgomery D, Pai C-W, Kline-Rogers E, DuRussel-Weston J, Eagle KA, Jackson EA (2021) Lifestyle behaviors and cardiometabolic health in middle-school children. Child Obes 18:361–368

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Falbe J, Willett WC, Rosner B, Gortmaker SL, Sonneville KR, Field AE (2014) Longitudinal relations of television, electronic games, and digital versatile discs with changes in diet in adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 100:1173–1181

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Madigan S, Eirich R, Pador P, McArthur BA, Neville RD (2022) assessment of changes in child and adolescent screen time during the covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 176:1188–1198

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gautam N, Dessie G, Rahman MM, Khanam R (2023) Socioeconomic status and health behavior in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Front Public Health 11:1228632

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar