Arentoft A, Troxell K, Alvarez K, Aghvinian M, Rivera Mindt M, Cherner M, Van Dyk K, Razani J, Roxas M, Gavilanes M (2022) HIV Antiretroviral Medication Neuropenetrance and Neurocognitive Outcomes in HIV + Adults: A Review of the Literature Examining the Central Nervous System Penetration Effectiveness Score. Viruses 14

Canestri A, Lescure FX, Jaureguiberry S, Moulignier A, Amiel C, Marcelin AG, Peytavin G, Tubiana R, Pialoux G, Katlama C (2010) Discordance between cerebral spinal fluid and plasma HIV replication in patients with neurological symptoms who are receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 50:773–778

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carvalhal A, Gill MJ, Letendre SL, Rachlis A, Bekele T, Raboud J, Burchell A, Rourke SB (2016) Central nervous system penetration effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs and neuropsychological impairment in the Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study. J Neurovirol 22:349–357

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clifford DB, Ances BM (2013) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Lancet Infect Dis 13:976–986

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dravid AN, Gawali R, Betha TP, Sharma AK, Medisetty M, Natrajan K, Kulkarni MM, Saraf CK, Mahajan US, Kore SD, Rathod NM, Mahajan US, Letendre SL, Wadia RS, Calcagno A (2020) Two treatment strategies for management of neurosymptomatic cerebrospinal fluid HIV escape in Pune, India. Med (Baltim) 99:e20516

Article  Google Scholar 

EACS (2023) EACS guidelines v12.0 (October 2023). EACS

Edén A, Fuchs D, Hagberg L, Nilsson S, Spudich S, Svennerholm B, Price RW, Gisslén M (2010) HIV-1 viral escape in cerebrospinal fluid of subjects on suppressive antiretroviral treatment. J Infect Dis 202:1819–1825

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eggers C, Arendt G, Hahn K, Husstedt IW, Maschke M, Neuen-Jacob E, Obermann M, Rosenkranz T, Schielke E, Straube E (2017) HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. J Neurol 264:1715–1727

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferretti F, Gisslen M, Cinque P, Price RW (2015) Cerebrospinal fluid HIV escape from antiretroviral therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 12:280–288

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferretti F, De Zan V, Gerevini S, Turrini F, Boeri E, Gianotti N, Hasson H, Lazzarin A, Cinque P (2020) Relapse of symptomatic cerebrospinal fluid HIV escape. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 17:522–528

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gray RJ (1988) A class of K-Sample tests for comparing the cumulative incidence of a competing risk. Annals Stat 16:1141–1154

Article  Google Scholar 

Heaton RK, Clifford DB, Franklin DR Jr., Woods SP, Ake C, Vaida F, Ellis RJ, Letendre SL, Marcotte TD, Atkinson JH, Rivera-Mindt M, Vigil OR, Taylor MJ, Collier AC, Marra CM, Gelman BB, McArthur JC, Morgello S, Simpson DM, Grant I (2010) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study. Neurology 75:2087–2096

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang C, Hoque T, Bendayan R (2023) Antiretroviral drugs efavirenz, dolutegravir and bictegravir dysregulate blood-brain barrier integrity and function. Front Pharmacol 14

Letendre S, Marquie-Beck J, Capparelli E, Best B, Clifford D, Collier AC, Gelman BB, McArthur JC, McCutchan JA, Morgello S, Simpson D, Grant I, Ellis RJ (2008) Validation of the CNS penetration-effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 65:65–70

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Letendre SL, Mills AM, Tashima KT, Thomas DA, Min SS, Chen S, Song IH, Piscitelli SC (2014) ING116070: a study of the pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of dolutegravir in cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive subjects. Clin Infect Dis 59:1032–1037

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Low A, Gavriilidis G, Larke N, MR BL, Drouin O, Stover J, Muhe L, Easterbrook P (2016) Incidence of opportunistic infections and the impact of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-Infected adults in low- and Middle-Income countries: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 62:1595–1603

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manesh A, Barnabas R, Mani S, Karthik R, Abraham OC, Chacko G, Kannangai R, Varghese GM (2019) Symptomatic HIV CNS viral escape among patients on effective cART. Int J Infect Dis 84:39–43

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mukerji SS, Misra V, Lorenz D, Cervantes-Arslanian AM, Lyons J, Chalkias S, Wurcel A, Burke D, Venna N, Morgello S, Koralnik IJ, Gabuzda D (2017) Temporal patterns and Drug Resistance in CSF viral escape among ART-Experienced HIV-1 infected adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 75:246–255

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mukerji SS, Misra V, Lorenz DR, Uno H, Morgello S, Franklin D, Ellis RJ, Letendre S, Gabuzda D (2018) Impact of antiretroviral regimens on cerebrospinal fluid viral escape in a prospective Multicohort study of antiretroviral therapy-experienced human immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected adults in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 67:1182–1190

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nightingale S, Geretti AM, Beloukas A, Fisher M, Winston A, Else L, Nelson M, Taylor S, Ustianowski A, Ainsworth J, Gilson R, Haddow L, Ong E, Watson V, Leen C, Minton J, Post F, Pirmohamed M, Solomon T, Khoo S (2016) Discordant CSF/plasma HIV-1 RNA in patients with unexplained low-level viraemia. J Neurovirol 22:852–860

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel AK, Patel KK, Gohel S, Kumar A, Letendre S (2018) Incidence of symptomatic CSF viral escape in HIV infected patients receiving atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r)-containing ART: a tertiary care cohort in western India. J Neurovirol 24:498–505

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peluso MJ, Ferretti F, Peterson J, Lee E, Fuchs D, Boschini A, Gisslén M, Angoff N, Price RW, Cinque P, Spudich S (2012) Cerebrospinal fluid HIV escape associated with progressive neurologic dysfunction in patients on antiretroviral therapy with well controlled plasma viral load. AIDS 26:1765–1774

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Price RW, Spudich S (2008) Antiretroviral therapy and central nervous system HIV type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 197(Suppl 3):S294–306

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rawson T, Muir D, Mackie NE, Garvey LJ, Everitt A, Winston A (2012) Factors associated with cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA in HIV infected subjects undergoing lumbar puncture examination in a clinical setting. J Infect 65:239–245

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Santos GMA, Locatelli I, Métral M, Calmy A, Lecompte TD, Nadin I, Hauser C, Cusini A, Hasse B, Kovari H, Tarr P, Stoeckle M, Fux C, Di Benedetto C, Schmid P, Darling KEA, Du Pasquier R, Cavassini M (2019) Cross-sectional and cumulative Longitudinal Central Nervous System Penetration Effectiveness scores are not Associated with Neurocognitive Impairment in a well treated Aging Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive Population in Switzerland. Open Forum Infect Dis 6:ofz277

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simioni S, Cavassini M, Annoni JM, Rimbault Abraham A, Bourquin I, Schiffer V, Calmy A, Chave JP, Giacobini E, Hirschel B, Du Pasquier RA (2010) Cognitive dysfunction in HIV patients despite long-standing suppression of viremia. Aids 24:1243–1250

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar