Intracerebral haemorrhage — mechanisms, diagnosis and prospects for treatment and prevention

GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 20, 795–820 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

van Asch, C. J. et al. Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 9, 167–176 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poon, M. T., Fonville, A. F. & Al-Shahi Salman, R. Long-term prognosis after intracerebral haemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 85, 660–667 (2014).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goeldlin, M. B. et al. Etiology, 3-month functional outcome and recurrent events in non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. J. Stroke 24, 266–277 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foster, L. et al. Effect of deferoxamine on trajectory of recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage: a post hoc analysis of the i-DEF trial. Stroke https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.121.037298 (2022).

Shah, V. A. et al. One-year outcome trajectories and factors associated with functional recovery among survivors of intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage with initial severe disability. JAMA Neurol. 79, 856–868 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ozkan, H. et al. Prevalence, patterns, and predictors of patient-reported non-motor outcomes at 30 days after acute stroke: prospective observational hospital cohort study. Int. J. Stroke https://doi.org/10.1177/17474930231215660 (2023).

Pasi, M. et al. Long-term functional decline of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage survivors. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-324741 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scopelliti, G. et al. Long-term anxiety in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage survivors. Int. J. Stroke 17, 1093–1099 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scopelliti, G. et al. Fatigue after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: prevalence and associated factors. Neurological Sci. 15, 2127–2135 (2023).

Google Scholar 

Moulin, S. et al. Dementia risk after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 15, 820–829 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tilling, E. J., El Tawil, S. & Muir, K. W. Do clinicians overestimate the severity of intracerebral hemorrhage? Stroke https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.118.022606 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Samarasekera, N. et al. Influence of intracerebral hemorrhage location on incidence, characteristics, and outcome: population-based study. Stroke 46, 361–368 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tamborska, A., Poon, M. T. C. & Al-Shahi Salman, R. Characteristics of randomized trials focusing on stroke due to intracerebral hemorrhage: systematic review. Stroke 49, 594–600 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hostettler, I. C., Seiffge, D. J. & Werring, D. J. Intracerebral hemorrhage: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Expert. Rev. Neurother. 19, 679–694 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fandler-Höfler, S. et al. Association of the presence and pattern of MRI markers of cerebral small vessel disease with recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 101, e794–e804 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goeldlin, M. B. et al. CADMUS. Neurology 102, e207977 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Charidimou, A. et al. Brain hemorrhage recurrence, small vessel disease type, and cerebral microbleeds: a meta-analysis. Neurology 89, 820–829 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goeldlin, M. B. et al. Small vessel disease burden and risk of recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with lacunar stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage attributable to deep perforator arteriolopathy. Eur. Stroke J. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969873231193237 (2023).

Bekelis, K. et al. Computed tomography angiography: improving diagnostic yield and cost effectiveness in the initial evaluation of spontaneous nonsubarachnoid intracerebral hemorrhage. J. Neurosurg. 117, 761–766 (2012).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Delgado Almandoz, J. E. et al. Diagnostic accuracy and yield of multidetector CT angiography in the evaluation of spontaneous intraparenchymal cerebral hemorrhage. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 30, 1213–1221 (2009).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Asch, C. J. et al. External validation of the secondary intracerebral hemorrhage score in The Netherlands. Stroke 44, 2904–2906 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cordonnier, C., Klijn, C. J., van Beijnum, J. & Al-Shahi Salman, R. Radiological investigation of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: systematic review and trinational survey. Stroke 41, 685–690 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Asch, C. J. et al. Diagnostic yield and accuracy of CT angiography, MR angiography, and digital subtraction angiography for detection of macrovascular causes of intracerebral haemorrhage: prospective, multicentre cohort study. BMJ 351, h5762 (2015).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dawkins, A. A. et al. Complications of cerebral angiography: a prospective analysis of 2,924 consecutive procedures. Neuroradiology 49, 753–759 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaufmann, T. J. et al. Complications of diagnostic cerebral angiography: evaluation of 19,826 consecutive patients. Radiology 243, 812–819 (2007).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hilkens, N. A. et al. Predicting the presence of macrovascular causes in non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage: the DIAGRAM prediction score. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 89, 674–679 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fandler-Höfler, S. et al. MRI-based prediction of macrovascular causes of intracerebral hemorrhage: the MACRO score. Neurology 103, e209950 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raposo, N. et al. A causal classification system for intracerebral hemorrhage subtypes. Ann. Neurol. 93, 16–28 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodrigues, M. A. et al. The Edinburgh CT and genetic diagnostic criteria for lobar intracerebral haemorrhage associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: model development and diagnostic test accuracy study. Lancet Neurol. 17, 232–240 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fandler-Hofler, A. S. S. et al. Association of presence and pattern of MRI markers of cerebral small vessel disease with recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 101, e794–e804 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goeldlin, M. et al. Clinical neuroimaging in intracerebral haemorrhage related to cerebral small vessel disease: contemporary practice and emerging concepts. Expert. Rev. Neurother. 22, 579–594 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenberg, S. M. & Vonsattel, J. P. Diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Sensitivity and specificity of cortical biopsy. Stroke 28, 1418–1422 (1997).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jäkel, L., De Kort, A. M., Klijn, C. J. M., Schreuder, F. & Verbeek, M. M. Prevalence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimer’s Dement. 18, 10–28 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Charidimou, A. et al. The Boston criteria version 2.0 for cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a multicentre, retrospective, MRI-neuropathology diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Neurol. 21, 714–725 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Linn, J. et al. Prevalence of superficial siderosis in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology 74, 1346–1350 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Comments (0)

No login
gif