Fig. 1. (A) A schematic image of the cryoablation needle and positions of temperature measurement. (B) Picture of a cryoablation procedure.

Fig. 2. Temperature curve during cryoablation of the cryo-needle in Trials 1 and 2. (A) A schematic diagram of the cryo-needle and temperature measurement locations. (B) Temperature curve in Trial 1. (C) Temperature curve in Trial 2.

Fig. 3. Temperature curve during cryoablation around the needle in Trial 1 and 2. (A) Schematic diagram of temperature measurement locations around the needle. (B) Temperature curve in Trial 1. (C) Temperature curve in Trial 2.

Fig. 4. (A) Macroscopic view of the swine liver. (B) Trial 2: coronal section shows mild damage (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E] stain, ×4). (C) Trial 1: sagittal section shows mild and moderate damage (H&E stain, ×4). (D) Trial 1: sagittal section shows extensive necrosis and hemorrhage (H&E stain, ×100).

Graphical abstract