Rahman S, Montero MTV, Rowe K, Kirton R, Kunik F Jr. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19: a review of current evidence. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2021;14(5):601–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

COVID-19 cases | WHO COVID-19 dashboard [Internet]. [cited 2024 Mar 18]. Available from: https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases.

Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, Rajagopalan H, O’Donnell L, Chernyak Y, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;22(369): m1966.

Article  Google Scholar 

Takada R, Takazawa T, Takahashi Y, Fujizuka K, Akieda K, Saito S. Risk factors for mechanical ventilation and ECMO in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU: a multicenter retrospective observational study. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(11): e0277641.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morgan G, Casalino S, Chowdhary S, Frangione E, Fung CYJ, Haller S, et al. Characterizing risk factors for hospitalization and clinical characteristics in a cohort of COVID-19 patients enrolled in the GENCOV study. Viruses. 2023;15(8):1764.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cutler DM, Summers LH. The COVID-19 pandemic and the $16 trillion virus. JAMA. 2020;324(15):1495–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Karako K, Song P, Chen Y, Karako T. An average of nearly 200,000 new infections per day over a six-week period: what is the impact of such a severe COVID-19 pandemic on the healthcare system in Japan? Biosci Trends. 2022;16(5):371–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. COVID-19 vaccination: the road ahead. Science. 2022;375(6585):1127–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SW, Ma D, Davoodian A, Ayutyanont N, Werner B. COVID-19 vaccination decreased COVID-19 hospital length of stay, in-hospital death, and increased home discharge. Prev Med Rep. 2023;1(32): 102152.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ceban F, Kulzhabayeva D, Rodrigues NB, Di Vincenzo JD, Gill H, Subramaniapillai M, et al. COVID-19 vaccination for the prevention and treatment of long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2023;1(111):211–29.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhu Y, Liu S, Zhang D. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine booster shot compared with non-booster: a meta-analysis. Vaccines. 2022;10(9):1396.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kyaw MH, Spinardi J, Zhang L, Oh HML, Srivastava A. Evidence synthesis and pooled analysis of vaccine effectiveness for COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 as a heterologous booster after inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccines. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2023;19(1):2165856.

Article  Google Scholar 

Arbel R, Peretz A, Sergienko R, Friger M, Beckenstein T, Duskin-Bitan H, et al. Effectiveness of a bivalent mRNA vaccine booster dose to prevent severe COVID-19 outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(8):914–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirson N, Swallow E, Lu J, Mesa-Frias M, Bookhart B, Maynard J, et al. The societal economic value of COVID-19 vaccines in the United States. J Med Econ. 2022;25(1):119–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li R, Liu H, Fairley CK, Zou Z, Xie L, Li X, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of BNT162b2 COVID-19 booster vaccination in the United States. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;1(119):87–94.

Article  Google Scholar 

Arashiro T, Arima Y, Muraoka H, Sato A, Oba K, Uehara Y, et al. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) vaccine effectiveness against Symptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during delta-dominant and omicron-dominant periods in Japan: a multicenter prospective case-control study (Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines study). Clin Infect Dis. 2022;76(3):e108–15.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kinugasa Y, Llamas-Covarrubias MA, Ozaki K, Fujimura Y, Ohashi T, Fukuda K, et al. Post-Coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome in Japan: an observational study using a medical database. JMA J. 2023;6(4):416.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tomioka K, Uno K, Yamada M. Association between vaccination status and severe health consequences among community-dwelling COVID-19 patients during Omicron BA.1/BA.2 and BA.5-predominant periods in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med. 2023;28:35–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kayano T, Ko Y, Otani K, Kobayashi T, Suzuki M, Nishiura H. Evaluating the COVID-19 vaccination program in Japan, 2021 using the counterfactual reproduction number. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):17762.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. COVID-19 vaccination Q&A [Internet]. [cited 2024 Mar 19]. Available from: https://www.cov19-vaccine.mhlw.go.jp/qa/0180.html.

Nagano M, Kamei K, Matsuda H, Takahashi C, Yang J, Wada K, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 booster vaccination with BNT162b2 in Japan. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2024;23(1):349–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyaji C, Kobayashi T, Habu H, Hagiyama A, Horie Y, Takao S. Effect of COVID-19 infection on presenteeism: cohort study using large health insurance-based data in Japan. J Occup Environ Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000003128.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kwon J, Milne R, Rayner C, Rocha Lawrence R, Mullard J, Mir G, et al. Impact of long COVID on productivity and informal caregiving. Eur J Health Econ. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-023-01653-z.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Fusco M, Marczell K, Thoburn E, Wiemken TL, Yang J, Yarnoff B. Public health impact and economic value of booster vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, bivalent (Original and Omicron BA.4/BA.5) in the United States. J Med Econ. 2023;26(1):509–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Fusco M, Marczell K, Deger KA, Moran MM, Wiemken TL, Cane A, et al. Public health impact of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) in the first year of rollout in the United States. J Med Econ. 2022;25(1):605–17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mendes D, Chapman R, Aruffo E, Gal P, Nguyen JL, Hamson L, et al. Public health impact of UK COVID-19 booster vaccination programs during Omicron predominance. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2023;22(1):90–103.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huiberts AJ, Hoeve CE, de Gier B, Cremer J, van der Veer B, de Melker HE, et al. Effectiveness of Omicron XBB.1.5 vaccine against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and JN.1 variants, prospective cohort study, the Netherlands, October 2023 to January 2024. Eurosurveillance. 2024;29(10):2400109.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Skowronski DM, Zhan Y, Kaweski SE, Sabaiduc S, Khalid A, Olsha R, et al. 2023/24 mid-season influenza and Omicron XBB.1.5 vaccine effectiveness estimates from the Canadian Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network (SPSN). Eurosurveillance. 2024;29(7):2400076.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tartof SY, Slezak JM, Frankland TB, Puzniak L, Hong V, Ackerson BK, et al. BNT162b2 XBB.1.5-adapted vaccine and COVID-19 hospital admissions and ambulatory visits in US adults. medRxiv. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.24.23300512v1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hansen CH, Moustsen-Helms IR, Rasmussen M, Søborg B, Ullum H, Valentiner-Branth P. Short-term effectiveness of the XBB.1.5 updated COVID-19 vaccine against hospitalisation in Denmark: a national cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24(2):e73–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Werkhoven CH, Valk AW, Smagge B, de Melker HE, Knol MJ, Hahné SJ, et al. Early COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness of XBB.1.5 vaccine against hospitalisation and admission to intensive care, the Netherlands, 9 October to 5 December 2023. Eurosurveillance. 2024;29(1):2300703.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. Visualizing the data: information on COVID-19 infections [Internet]. [cited 2024 Mar 20]. Available from: https://covid19.mhlw.go.jp/en/.

Hiroshima Prefecture Health and Welfare Bureau. Hiroshima prefecture COVID-19 J-SPEED (J-SPEED: surveillance in post extreme emergencies and disasters, Japan version) data analysis from the 7th wave [Internet]. [cited 2024 Mar 19]. Available from: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/10900000/000975398.pdf.

Matsunaga N, Hayakawa K, Asai Y, Tsuzuki S, Terada M, Suzuki S, et al. Clinical characteristics of the first three waves of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in Japan prior to the widespread use of vaccination: a nationwide observational study. Lancet Reg Health–West Pac. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100421.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Osaka Prefectural Department of Health and Medical Care. The current situation of infection and medical treatment (COVID-19). [Internet]. [cited 2024 Mar 19]. Available from: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/10900000/001039367.pdf.

Yamanashi Prefecture Infectious Disease Control Center, Welfare, and Health Department. Results of the COVID-19 sequelae (summary) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Mar 19]. Available from: https://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/kansensho/documents/coronavirus_kouisho2.pdf.

Sugiyama A, Miwata K, Kitahara Y, Okimoto M, Abe K, et al. Long COVID occurrence in COVID-19 survivors. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):6039.