Holt JB, Glass NA, Bedard NA, Weinstein SL, Shah AS (2017) Emerging US National trends in the treatment of pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures. J Bone Jt Surg 99(8):681–7

Article  Google Scholar 

Skaggs DL, Hale JM, Bassett J et al (2001) Operative treatment of supracon- dylar fractures of the humerus in children The consequences of pin placement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 83:735–740

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abzug JM, Herman MJ (2012) Management of supracondylar humerus fractures in children: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 20(2):69–77

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gordon JE, Patton CM, Luhmann SJ, Bassett GS, Schoenecker PL (2001) Fracture stability after pinning of displaced supracondylar distal humerus fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 21(3):313–318

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wallace M, Johnson DB, Pierce W, Iobst C, Riccio A, Wimberly RL (2019) Biomechanical assessment of torsional stiffness in a supracondylar humerus fracture model. J Pediatr Orthop 39(3):E210–E215

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pesenti S, Ecalle A, Gaubert L, Peltier E, Choufani E, Viehweger E et al (2017) Operative management of supracondylar humeral fractures in children: comparison of five fixation methods. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 103(5):771–775

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bahk MS, Srikumaran U, Ain MC, Erkula G, Leet AI, Sargent MC et al (2008) Patterns of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 28(5):493–499

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dodds SD, Grey MA, Bohl DD, Mahoney EM, DeLuca PA (2015) Clinical and radiographic outcomes of supracondylar humerus fractures treated surgically by pediatric and non-pediatric orthopedic surgeons. J Child Orthop 9(1):45–53

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hell AK, Gadomski C, Braunschweig L (2021) Spontaneous humeral torsion deformity correction after displaced supracondylar fractures in children. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 22(1):4–11

Article  Google Scholar 

Rees AB, Schultz JD, Wollenman LC, Moore-Lotridge SN, Martus JE, Mencio GA, et al (2021) Internal rotation stress test reduces cross-pinning and improves outcomes in displaced pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures. JBJS Open Access 6(3)

Bauer JM, Stutz CM, Schoenecker JG, Lovejoy SA, Mencio GA, Martus JE (2019) Internal rotation stress testing improves radiographic outcomes of type 3 supracondylar humerus fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 39(1):8–13

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greve F, Müller M, Wurm M, Biberthaler P, Singer G, Till H, et al Standalone (2022) Axial malrotation after pediatric supracondylar fracture does not seem to be an indication for immediate postoperative revision surgery. Children 9(7):13

Skaggs DL, Flynn JM (2020) Supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus. In: Waters PM, Skaggs DL Flynn JM (ed) Rockwood and Wilkin’s Fractures in Children, 9th edn. Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, p 478-526

Hernandez MA 3rd, Roach JW (1994) Corrective osteotomy for cubitus varus deformity. J Pediatr Orthop 14:487–491

Omid R, Choi PD, Skaggs DL (2008) Supracondylar humeral fractures in children. J Bone J Surg A 90(5):1121–1132

Article  Google Scholar 

Wilkins K (1997) Supracondylar fractures: What is New? J Pediatr Orthop B 6:110–116

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chess DG, Leahey JL, Hyndman JC (1994) Cubitus varus: significant factors. J Pediatr Orthop 14(2):190–192

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takeyasu Y, Murase T, Miyake J, Oka K, Arimitsu S, Moritomo H et al (2011) Three-dimensional analysis of cubitus varus deformity after supracondylar fractures of the humerus. J Shoulder Elb Surg 20(3):440–8

Article  Google Scholar 

O’Driscoll SW, Spinner RJ, McKee MD, Kibler WB, Hastings H, Morrey BF, Kato H, Takayama S, Imatani J, Toh S et al (2001) Tardy posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow due to cubitus varus. J Bone Jt Surg Am 83:1358–1369

Mitsunari A, Muneshige H, Ikuta Y (1995) Internal rotation deformity and tardy ulnar nerve palsy after supracondylar humeral fracture. J Shoulder Elb Surg 4(1):23–29

Rubin G, Orbach H, Bor N, Rozen N (2019) Tardy ulnar nerve palsy. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 27(19):717–725

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Omid R, Choi PD, Skaggs DL (2008) Supracondylar humeral fractures in children. J Bone J Surg A 90(5):1121–1132

Article  Google Scholar 

Brighton B, Abzug J, Ho CA, Ritzman TF (2016) Current strategies for the management of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures: tips and techniques for successful closed treatment. Instr Course Lect 65:353–360

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prabhakar P, Pierce WA, Standefer KD, Ho CA (2020) Can we estimate the amount of malrotation in supracondylar humerus fractures after CRPP? J Orthop Trauma 34(7):e245–e249

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith L (1965) Deformity following supracondylar fractures of the humerus. J Bone Jt Surg Am 47-A: 1668

Eguia FA, Gottlich CP, Vora M, Klyce W, Hassan S, Sponseller PD, Lee RJ (2020) Radiographic assessments of pediatric supracondylar fractures and mid-term patient-reported outcomes. Medicine 99(41):e22543

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balakumar B, Madhuri V (2012) A retrospective analysis of loss of reduction in operated supracondylar humerus fractures. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 46(6):690–697

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henderson ER, Egol KA, Bosse HJP, Schweitzer ME, Pettrone SK, Feldman DS (2007) Calculation of rotational deformity in pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. Skeletal Radiol 36(3):229–235

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suganuma S, Tada K, Takagawa S, Yasutake H, Takata M, Shimanuki K ,…, Tsuchiya H (2021) Independent predictors affecting the reduction of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures: a retrospective cohort study. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 31(2):399–406

Tuomilehto N, Sommarhem A, Nietosvaara AY, Tuomilehto N, Sommarhem A, Nietosvaara AY (2018) Humerus fractures in children 9 years ’ follow-up of 168 pin-fi xed supracondylar humerus fractures in children. Acta Orthop 89(3):351–356

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zenios M, Ramachandran M, Milne B, Little D, Smith N (2007) Intraoperative stability testing of lateral-entry pin fixation of pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 27(6):695–702

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vahvanen V, Aalto K (1978) Supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children: a long-term follow-up study of 107 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 49:225–233

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weiland AJ, Tolo VT, Berg HL, Muller J (1978) Displaced supracondylar in children fractures of the humerus. J Bone Jt Surg-Series A 60(5):657–661

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Berdis G, Hooper M, Talwalkar V, Walker J, Muchow R, Riley S et al (2021) Assessment of lateral rotation percentage and rotational deformity of the elbow in type 3 supracondylar humerus fractures: a biomechanical study. J Pediatr Orthop 41(8):E605–E609

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quatman-Yates CC, Gupta R, Paterno MV, Schmitt LC, Quatman CE, Ittenbach RF (2013) Internal consistency and validity of the QuickDASH instrument for upper extremity injuries in older children. J Pediatr Orthop 33(8):838–842

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flynn JC, Matthews JG, Benoit RL (1974) Blind pinning of displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Sixteen years’ experience with long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am 56-A(2):263–72

Tuomilehto N, Kivisaari R, Sommarhem A, Nietosvaara AY (2017) Outcome after pin fixation of supracondylar humerus fractures in children: postoperative radiographic examinations are unnecessary: a retrospective study of 252 Gartland-III and 12 flexion-type supracondylar humerus fractures. Acta Orthop 88(1):109–115

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamamoto I, Ishii S, Usui M, Ogino T, Kaneda K (1985) Cubitus varus deformity following supracondylar fracture of the humerus A method for measuring rotational deformity. Clin Orthop Relat Res 179–185

Shannak AO (1988) Tibial fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 8(3):306–310

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davids JR (1994) Rotational deformity and remodeling after fracture of the femur in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res 302:27–35

Article  Google Scholar 

Gasco J, de Pablos J (1997) Bone_Remodeling_in_Malunited_Fractures_in.8.pdf. J Pediatr Orthop B 6:126–32

Brouwer KJ, Molenaar JC, Van Linge B (1981) Rotational deformities after femoral shaft fractures in childhood: a retro- spective study 27–32 years after the accident. Acta Orthop Scand 52(1):81–89

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sinikumpu J-J, Victorzon S, Pokka T, Lindholm E, Serlo W (2016) The long-term outcome of childhood supracondylar humeral fractures follow up of ten years and normal matched. Bone Jt J 98-B: 1410–7

Ahaoiza DI, Furey A, Stone C (2014) Functional outcome of supracondylar elbow fractures in children: a 3- to 5-year follow-up. Can J Surg 57(4):241–246

Article  Google Scholar 

Mohammad S, Rymaszewski LA, Runciman J (1999) The Baumann angle in supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus in children. J Pediatri Orthop 19:65–69

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hubert L, Bunell WP, Duhaime M, Poitras B (1982) Cubitus varus deformity following supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. J Pediatr Orthop 2:539–546

Article  Google Scholar