Soreide K, Sandvik OM, Soreide JA, Giljaca V, Jureckova A, Bulusu VR. Global epidemiology of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST): A systematic review of population-based cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016;40:39–46.
Nishida T, Yoshinaga S, Takahashi T, Naito Y. Recent Progress and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Cancers. 2021;13:3158.
Patel SR, Reichardt P. An updated review of the treatment landscape for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer. 2021;127:2187–95.
Antonescu CR, Sommer G, Sarran L, Tschernyavsky SJ, Riedel E, Woodruff JM, et al. Association of KIT exon 9 mutations with nongastric primary site and aggressive behavior: KIT mutation analysis and clinical correlates of 120 gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for. Cancer Res. 2003;9:3329–37.
Kang HJ, Nam SW, Kim H, Rhee H, Kim NG, Kim H, et al. Correlation of KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha mutations with gene activation and expression profiles in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncogene. 2005;24:1066–74.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Steigen SE, Eide TJ, Wasag B, Lasota J, Miettinen M. Mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors-a population-based study from Northern Norway. APMIS. 2007;115:289–98.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Emile JF, Brahimi S, Coindre JM, Bringuier PP, Monges G, Samb P, et al. Frequencies of KIT and PDGFRA mutations in the MolecGIST prospective population-based study differ from those of advanced GISTs. Med Oncol. 2012;29:1765–72.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Joensuu H, Roberts PJ, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Andersson LC, Tervahartiala P, Tuveson D, et al. Effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 in a patient with a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1052–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Demetri GD, van Oosterom AT, Garrett CR, Blackstein ME, Shah MH, Verweij J, et al. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1329–38.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Demetri GD, Reichardt P, Kang YK, Blay JY, Rutkowski P, Gelderblom H, et al. Efficacy and safety of regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib (GRID): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381:295–302.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Blay JY, Serrano C, Heinrich MC, Zalcberg J, Bauer S, Gelderblom H, et al. Ripretinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours (INVICTUS): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:923–34.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen LL, Trent JC, Wu EF, Fuller GN, Ramdas L, Zhang W, et al. A missense mutation in KIT kinase domain 1 correlates with imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res. 2004;64:5913–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Blanke CD, Demetri GD, Joensuu H, Roberts PJ, et al. Molecular correlates of imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4764–74.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Antonescu CR, Besmer P, Guo T, Arkun K, Hom G, Koryotowski B, et al. Acquired resistance to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumor occurs through secondary gene mutation. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:4182–90.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Debiec-Rychter M, Cools J, Dumez H, Sciot R, Stul M, Mentens N, et al. Mechanisms of resistance to imatinib mesylate in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and activity of the PKC412 inhibitor against imatinib-resistant mutants. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:270–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Du J, Wang S, Wang R, Wang SY, Han Q, Xu HT, et al. Identifying Secondary Mutations in Chinese Patients with Imatinib-Resistant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Pathol Oncol Res. 2020;26:91–100.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cao J, Wei J, Yang P, Zhang T, Chen Z, He F, et al. Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in gastrointestinal stromal tumor with Imatinib resistance. Mol Cancer. 2018;17:121.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Huang WK, Akcakaya P, Gangaev A, Lee L, Zeljic K, Hajeri P, et al. miR-125a-5p regulation increases phosphorylation of FAK that contributes to imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Exp Cell Res. 2018;371:287–96.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tsai M, Valent P, Galli SJ. KIT as a master regulator of the mast cell lineage. J allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;149:1845–54.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lennartsson J, Ronnstrand L. Stem cell factor receptor/c-Kit: from basic science to clinical implications. Physiological Rev. 2012;92:1619–49.
Foster BM, Zaidi D, Young TR, Mobley ME, Kerr BA. CD117/c-kit in Cancer Stem Cell-Mediated Progression and Therapeutic Resistance. Biomedicines. 2018;6:31.
Nakahara M, Isozaki K, Hirota S, Miyagawa J, Hase-Sawada N, Taniguchi M, et al. A novel gain-of-function mutation of c-kit gene in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Gastroenterology. 1998;115:1090–5.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Furitsu T, Tsujimura T, Tono T, Ikeda H, Kitayama H, Koshimizu U, et al. Identification of mutations in the coding sequence of the proto-oncogene c-kit in a human mast cell leukemia cell line causing ligand-independent activation of c-kit product. J Clin Investig. 1993;92:1736–44.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, Hashimoto K, Nishida T, Ishiguro S, et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 1998;279:577–80.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bosbach B, Rossi F, Yozgat Y, Loo J, Zhang JQ, Berrozpe G, et al. Direct engagement of the PI3K pathway by mutant KIT dominates oncogenic signaling in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114:E8448–E57.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Henry JR, Kaufman MD, Peng SB, Ahn YM, Caldwell TM, Vogeti L, et al. Discovery of 1-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-3-(2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-(7-methyl-2-(methylamino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)phenyl)urea (LY3009120) as a pan-RAF inhibitor with minimal paradoxical activation and activity against BRAF or RAS mutant tumor cells. J Med Chem. 2015;58:4165–79.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hall-Jackson CA, Eyers PA, Cohen P, Goedert M, Boyle FT, Hewitt N, et al. Paradoxical activation of Raf by a novel Raf inhibitor. Chem Biol. 1999;6:559–68.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Peng SB, Henry JR, Kaufman MD, Lu WP, Smith BD, Vogeti S, et al. Inhibition of RAF Isoforms and Active Dimers by LY3009120 Leads to Anti-tumor Activities in RAS or BRAF Mutant Cancers. Cancer Cell. 2015;28:384–98.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhu G, Shi J, Zhang S, Guo Y, Huang L, Zhao H, et al. Loss of PI3 kinase association improves the sensitivity of secondary mutation of KIT to Imatinib. Cell Biosci. 2020;10:16.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Theou-Anton N, Tabone S, Brouty-Boye D, Saffroy R, Ronnstrand L, Lemoine A, et al. Co expression of SCF and KIT in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) suggests an autocrine/paracrine mechanism. Br J Cancer. 2006;94:1180–5.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Blume-Jensen P, Wernstedt C, Heldin CH, Ronnstrand L. Identification of the major phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C in kit/stem cell factor receptor in vitro and in intact cells. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:14192–200.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Blay JY, Kang YK, Nishida T, von Mehren M. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2021;7:22.
Mol CD, Dougan DR, Schneider TR, Skene RJ, Kraus ML, Scheibe DN, et al. Structural basis for the autoinhibition and STI-571 inhibition of c-Kit tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:31655–63.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Corless CL, Heinrich MC. Molecular pathobiology of gastrointestinal stromal sarcomas. Annu Rev Pathol. 2008;3:557–86.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Voytyuk O, Lennartsson J, Mogi A, Caruana G, Courtneidge S, Ashman LK, et al. Src family kinases are involved in the differential signaling from two splice forms of c-Kit. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:9159–66.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sun J, Pedersen M, Ronnstrand L. The D816V mutation of c-Kit circumvents a requirement for Src family kinases in c-Kit signal transduction. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:11039–47.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lindblad O, Kazi JU, Ronnstrand L, Sun J. PI3 kinase is indispensable for oncogenic transformation by the V560D mutant of c-Ki
Comments (0)