Low back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide, often attributed to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration with loss of the functional nucleus pulposus (NP). Regenerative strategies utilizing biomaterials and stem cells are promising for NP repair. Human NP tissue is highly viscoelastic, relaxing stress rapidly under deformation. However, the impact of tissue-specific viscoelasticity on the activities of adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the role of matrix viscoelasticity in regulating ASC differentiation for IVD regeneration. Viscoelastic alginate hydrogels with stress relaxation time scales ranging from 100s to 1000s were developed and used to culture human ASCs for 21 days. Our results demonstrated that the fast-relaxing hydrogel significantly enhanced ASCs long-term cell survival and NP-like extracellular matrix secretion of aggrecan and type-II collagen. Moreover, gene expression analysis revealed a substantial upregulation of the mechanosensitive ion channel marker TRPV4 and NP-specific markers such as SOX9, HIF-1α, KRT18, CDH2 and CD24 in ASCs cultured within the fast-relaxing hydrogel, compared to slower-relaxing hydrogels. These findings highlight the critical role of matrix viscoelasticity in regulating ASC behavior and suggest that viscoelasticity is a key parameter for novel biomaterials design to improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy for IVD regeneration.

•Systematically characterized the influence of tissue-mimetic viscoelasticity on ASC.

•NP-mimetic hydrogels with tunable viscoelasticity and tissue-matched stiffness.

•Long-term survival and metabolic activity of ASCs are substantially improved in the fast-relaxing hydrogel.

•The fast-relaxing hydrogel allows higher rate of cell protrusions formation and matrix remodeling.

•ASC differentiation towards an NP-like cell phenotype is promoted in the fast-relaxing hydrogel, with more CD24 positive expression indicating NP committed cell fate.

•The expression of TRPV4, a molecular sensor of matrix viscoelasticity, is significantly enhanced in the fast-relaxing hydrogel, indicating ASC sensing matrix viscoelasticity during cell development.

•The NP-specific ECM secretion of ASC is considerably influenced by matrix viscoelasticity, where the deposition of aggrecan and type-II collagen are significantly enhanced in the fast-relaxing hydrogel.