Ysrraelit MC, Correale J. Impact of sex hormones on immune function and multiple sclerosis development. Immunology. 2019;156(1):9–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13004.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Colquitt CW, Martin TS. Contraceptive methods. J Pharm Pract. 2017;30(1):130–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190015585751.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huck LC, Truhn D, Wilpert C, Zanderigo E, Raaff V, Dethlefsen E, et al. Background parenchymal enhancement in contrast-enhanced MR imaging suggests systemic effects of intrauterine contraceptive devices. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(11):7430–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-022-08809-0.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Depypere HT, Stanczyk FZ, Croubels S, Blondeel PN, Roche NA, Depypere BP, et al. Breast levonorgestrel concentrations in women using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception. 2019;100(4):299–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2019.07.002.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bove R, Rankin K, Chua AS, Saraceno T, Sattarnezhad N, Greeke E, et al. Oral contraceptives and MS disease activity in a contemporary real-world cohort. Mult Scler. 2018;24(2):227–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517692420.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Otero-Romero S, Carbonell-Mirabent P, Midaglia L, Zuluaga M, Galán I, Cobo-Calvo A, et al. Oral contraceptives do not modify the risk of a second attack and disability accrual in a prospective cohort of women with a clinically isolated syndrome and early multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2022;28(6):950–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585211053001. (In this observational study, exposure to OC use in women with CIS was found to not be associated with the risk of either a second attack or of disability accrual, suggesting overall little effect of combined OCs on risk of inflammatory activity,)

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen CS, Krishnakumar T, Rowles W, Anderson A, Zhao C, Do L, et al. Comparison of MS inflammatory activity in women using continuous versus cyclic combined oral contraceptives. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. 2020;41: 101970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.101970.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pozzilli C, De Giglio L, Barletta VT, Marinelli F, Angelis FD, Gallo V, et al. Oral contraceptives combined with interferon beta in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015;2(4): e120. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000120.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Voskuhl RR, Wang H, Wu TC, Sicotte NL, Nakamura K, Kurth F, et al. Estriol combined with glatiramer acetate for women with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Neurology. 2016;15(1):35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00322-1. (This interventional study found that treatment with estriol, along with glatiramer acetate, in women with RRMS, was well-tolerated and reduced relapse rates.)

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Disanto G, Barro C, Benkert P, Naegelin Y, Schadelin S, Giardiello A, et al. Serum Neurofilament light: a biomarker of neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2017;81(6):857–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24954.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Voskuhl R, Kuhle J, Siddarth P, Itoh N, Patel K, MacKenzie-Graham A. Decreased neurofilament light chain levels in estriol-treated multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2022;9(8):1316–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51622.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Confavreux C, Hutchinson M, Hours MM, Cortinovis-Tourniaire P, Moreau T. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(5):285–91. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199807303390501.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Anderson A, Krysko KM, Rutatangwa A, Krishnakumar T, Chen C, Rowles W, et al. Clinical and radiologic disease activity in pregnancy and postpartum in MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021;8(2):e959. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000959.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vukusic S, Ionescu I, El-Etr M, Schumacher M, Baulieu EE, Cornu C, et al. The Prevention of post-partum relapses with progestin and estradiol in multiple sclerosis (POPART’MUS) trial: rationale, objectives and state of advancement. J Neurol Sci. 2009;286(1–2):114–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.056.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vukusic S, Ionescu I, Cornu C, Bossard N, Durand-Dubief F, Cotton F, et al. Oral nomegestrol acetate and transdermal 17-beta-estradiol for preventing post-partum relapses in multiple sclerosis: the POPARTMUS study. Mult Scler. 2021;27(9):1458–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520978218.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Taylor H, Alhasan S, Saleem M, Poole S, Jiang F, Longbrake EE, Bove R. Influence of menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive use on MS symptom fluctuations: a pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;77:104864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2023.1048.

Bove R, Healy BC, Musallam A, Glanz BI, De Jager PL, Chitnis T. Exploration of changes in disability after menopause in a longitudinal multiple sclerosis cohort. Mult Scler. 2016;22(7):935–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458515606211.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bove R, Vaughan T, Chitnis T, Wicks P, De Jager PL. Women’s experiences of menopause in an online MS cohort: a case series. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2016;9:56–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2016.06.015.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zeydan B, Atkinson EJ, Weis DM, Smith CY, Gazzuola Rocca L, Rocca WA, et al. Reproductive history and progressive multiple sclerosis risk in women. Brain Commun. 2020;2(2):fcaa185. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcaa185.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, et al. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1159–68. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-3362.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause (New York, NY). 2022;29(7):767–94. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0000000000002028.

Morales-Rodriguez D, Anderson A, Nylander A, Hsu S, Singh J, Rowles W, et al. Well-being at midlife: correlates of mental health in ambulatory menopausal women with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2023;29(11–12):1493–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585231197056.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joffe H, Guthrie KA, LaCroix AZ, Reed SD, Ensrud KE, Manson JE, et al. Low-dose estradiol and the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine for vasomotor symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1058–66. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1891.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Depypere H, Lademacher C, Siddiqui E, Fraser GL. Fezolinetant in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2021;30(7):681–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2021.1893305.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Menown SJ, Tello JA. Neurokinin 3 receptor antagonists compared with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for non-hormonal treatment of menopausal hot flushes: a systematic qualitative review. Adv Ther. 2021;38(10):5025–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01900-w.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

D’Hoore L, T’Sjoen G. Gender-affirming hormone therapy: an updated literature review with an eye on the future. J Intern Med. 2022;291(5):574–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13441.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Bove R, Anderson A, Rowles W, Rankin KA, Hills NK, Carleton M, et al. A hormonal therapy for menopausal women with MS: a phase Ib/IIa randomized controlled trial. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. 2022;61: 103747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2022.103747. (This study was a small interventional trial evaluating the role of menopausal hormone therapy on vasomotor symptoms in women with MS.)

Juutinen L, Ahinko K, Tinkanen H, Rosti-Otajärvi E, Sumelahti ML. Menopausal symptoms and hormone therapy in women with multiple sclerosis: a baseline-controlled study. Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. 2022;67: 104098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2022.104098.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Freeman EW, Ensrud KE, Larson JC, Guthrie KA, Carpenter JS, Joffe H, et al. Placebo improvement in pharmacologic treatment of menopausal hot flashes: time course, duration, and predictors. Psychosom Med. 2015;77(2):167–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000143.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baroncini D, Annovazzi PO, De Rossi N, Mallucci G, Torri Clerici V, Tonietti S, et al. Impact of natural menopause on multiple sclerosis: a multicentre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90(11):1201–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-320587.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ladeira F, Salavisa M, Caetano A, Barbosa R, Sá F, Correia AS. The influence of menopause in multiple sclerosis course: a longitudinal cohort study. Eur Neurol. 2018;80(3–4):223–7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496374.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Otero-Romero S, Midaglia L, Carbonell-Mirabent P, Zuluaga M, Galán I, Río J, et al. Menopause does not modify disability trajectories in a longitudinal cohort of women with clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis followed from disease onset. Eur J Neurol. 2022;29(4):1075–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14782.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kopp TI, Lidegaard Ø, Magyari M. Hormone therapy and disease activity in Danish women with multiple sclerosis: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Neurol. 2022;29(6):1753–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15299.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar