Raappana A, Koivukangas J, Ebeling T, Pirilä T (2010) Incidence of pituitary adenomas in Northern Finland in 1992–2007. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism 95:4268–4275. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0537

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Briet C, Salenave S, Bonneville J-F et al (2015) Pituitary apoplexy. Endocr Rev 36:622–645. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2015-1042

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choudhury M, Eligar V, DeLloyd A, Davies JS (2016) A case of pituitary apoplexy masquerading as subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Clin Case Rep 4:255–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.488

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wohaibi MA, Russell NA, Ferayan AA et al (2000) Pituitary apoplexy presenting as massive subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69:700–701. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.69.5.700

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brouns R, Crols R, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP (2004) Pituitary apoplexy presenting as chemical meningitis. Lancet 364:502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16805-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smidt MH, van der Vliet A, Wesseling P et al (2007) Pituitary Apoplexy after mild head injury misinterpreted as bacterial Meningitis. Eur J Neurol 14:e7–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01644.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ayuk J, McGregor EJ, Mitchell RD, Gittoes NJL (2004) Acute management of pituitary apoplexy—surgery or conservative management? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61:747–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02162.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bujawansa S, Thondam SK, Steele C et al (2014) Presentation, management and outcomes in acute pituitary Apoplexy: a large single-centre experience from the United Kingdom. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 80:419–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12307

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Semple PL, Webb MK, de Villiers JC, Laws ER (2005) Pituitary apoplexy. Neurosurgery 56:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000144840.55247.38

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dubuisson AS, Beckers A, Stevenaert A (2007) Classical pituitary tumour Apoplexy: clinical features, management and outcomes in a series of 24 patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2006.01.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biousse V, Newman NJ, Oyesiku NM (2001) Precipitating factors in pituitary apoplexy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:542–545. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.71.4.542

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Möller-Goede DL, Brändle M, Landau K et al (2011) Pituitary apoplexy: re-evaluation of risk factors for bleeding into pituitary adenomas and impact on outcome. Eur J Endocrinol 164:37–43. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-0651

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

da Motta LA, de Mello PA, de Lacerda CM et al (1999) Pituitary apoplexy. Clinical course, endocrine evaluations and treatment analysis. J Neurosurg Sci 43:25–36

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rajasekaran S, Vanderpump M, Baldeweg S et al (2011) UK guidelines for the management of pituitary apoplexy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 74:9–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03913.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Randeva HS, Schoebel J, Byrne J et al (1999) Classical pituitary apoplexy: clinical features, management and outcome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 51:181–188. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00754.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maccagnan P, Macedo CL, Kayath MJ et al (1995) Conservative management of pituitary apoplexy: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2190–2197. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.80.7.7608278

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gruber A, Clayton J, Kumar S et al (2006) Pituitary apoplexy: retrospective review of 30 patients–is surgical intervention always necessary? Br J Neurosurg 20:379–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/02688690601046678

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leyer C, Castinetti F, Morange I et al (2011) A Conservative management is preferable in milder forms of pituitary tumor apoplexy. J Endocrinol Invest 34:502–509. https://doi.org/10.3275/7241

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lubina A, Olchovsky D, Berezin M et al (2005) Management of pituitary apoplexy: clinical experience with 40 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147:151–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-004-0413-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sibal L, Ball SG, Connolly V et al (2004) Pituitary apoplexy: a review of clinical presentation, management and outcome in 45 cases. Pituitary 7:157–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-005-1050-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teixeira JC, Lavrador J, Simão D, Miguéns J (2018) Pituitary Apoplexy: should endoscopic surgery be the gold standard? World Neurosurg 111:e495–e499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.12.103

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giritharan S, Gnanalingham K, Kearney T (2016) Pituitary Apoplexy - bespoke patient management allows good clinical outcome. Clin Endocrinol 85:415–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13075

Article  Google Scholar 

Marx C, Rabilloud M, Borson Chazot F et al (2021) A key role for Conservative treatment in the management of pituitary apoplexy. Endocrine 71:168–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02499-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reddy NL, Rajasekaran S, Han TS et al (2011) An objective scoring tool in the management of patients with pituitary apoplexy. Clin Endocrinol 75:723–723. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04081.x

Article  Google Scholar 

Buchy M, Lapras V, Rabilloud M et al (2019) Predicting early post-operative remission in pituitary adenomas: evaluation of the modified knosp classification. Pituitary 22:467–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-019-00976-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reznik Y, Barat P, Bertherat J et al (2018) SFE/SFEDP adrenal insufficiency French consensus: introduction and handbook. Ann d’Endocrinologie 79:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2017.12.001

Article  Google Scholar 

Fenske W, Allolio B (2012) Clinical review: current state and future perspectives in the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus: a clinical review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:3426–3437. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-1981

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bichet DG (2011) The posterior pituitary. In: Melmed S (ed) The pituitary , 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 261–299

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Fernandez A, Karavitaki N, Wass JAH (2010) Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 72:377–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03667.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lammert A, Walter MS, Giordano FA et al (2020) Neuro-endocrine recovery after pituitary apoplexy: prolactin as a predictive factor. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 128:283–289. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0640-2915

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zayour DH, Selman WR, Arafah BM (2004) Extreme elevation of intrasellar pressure in patients with pituitary tumor apoplexy: relation to pituitary function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5649–5654. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0884

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arafah BM, Nekl KE, Gold RS, Selman WR (1995) Dynamics of prolactin secretion in patients with hypopituitarism and pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3507–3512. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530591

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arafah BM, Prunty D, Ybarra J et al (2000) The dominant role of increased intrasellar pressure in the pathogenesis of hypopituitarism, hyperprolactinemia, and headaches in patients with pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1789–1793. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.5.6611

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arafah BM (1986) Reversible hypopituitarism in patients with large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:1173–1179. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-62-6-1173

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mamelak AN, Little AS, Gardner PA et al (2023) A prospective, multicenter, observational study of surgical vs nonsurgical management for pituitary apoplexy. J Clin Endocrinol. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad541

Article  Google Scholar