American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. 2013.
Zickgraf HF, Franklin ME, Rozin P. Adult picky eaters with symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: comparable distress and comorbidity but different eating behaviors compared to those with disordered eating symptoms. J Eat Disord. 2016;4(1):1–11.
Hay P, Mitchison D, Collado AEL, González-Chica DA, Stocks N, Touyz S. Burden and health-related quality of life of eating disorders, including avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), in the Australian population. J Eat Disord. 2017;5(1):1–10.
Norris ML, Spettigue WJ, Katzman DK. Update on eating disorders: current perspectives on avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in children and youth. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:213–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Norris ML, Obeid N, Santos A, Valois DD, Isserlin L, Feder S, et al. Treatment needs and rates of mental health comorbidity in adolescent patients with ARFID. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:680298.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lieberman M, Houser ME, Voyer AP, Grady S, Katzman DK. Children with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and anorexia nervosa in a tertiary care pediatric eating disorder program: a comparative study. Int J Eat Disord. 2019;52(3):239–45.
Nicely TA, Lane-Loney S, Masciulli E, Hollenbeak CS, Ornstein RM. Prevalence and characteristics of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in a cohort of young patients in day treatment for eating disorders. J Eat Disord. 2014;2(1):1–8.
Sanchez-Cerezo J, Nagularaj L, Gledhill J, Nicholls D. What do we know about the epidemiology of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in children and adolescents? A systematic review of the literature. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2023;31(2):226–46.
Zimmerman J, Fisher M. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2017;47(4):95–103.
Hilbert A, Zenger M, Eichler J, Braehler E. Psychometric evaluation of the eating disorders in youth-questionnaire when used in adults: prevalence estimates for symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and population norms. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(3):399–408.
Willmott E, Dickinson R, Hall C, Sadikovic K, Micali N, Trompeter N, et al. A systematic scoping review of psychological interventions and outcomes for avoidant and restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). 2023.
Grubb LK. Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder—What are we missing? What are we waiting for? JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(12):e213858–e213858.
Becker KR, Keshishian AC, Liebman RE, Coniglio KA, Wang SB, Franko DL, et al. Impact of expanded diagnostic criteria for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder on clinical comparisons with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2019;52(3):230–8.
Nakai Y, Nin K, Noma S, Hamagaki S, Takagi R, Teramukai S, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in a Japanese sample. Eat Behav. 2017;24:49–53.
Norris ML, Robinson A, Obeid N, Harrison M, Spettigue W, Henderson K. Exploring avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in eating disordered patients: a descriptive study. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47(5):495–9.
Becker KR, Mancuso C, Dreier MJ, Asanza E, Breithaupt L, Slattery M, et al. Ghrelin and PYY in low-weight females with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder compared to anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021;129:105243.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zanna V, Criscuolo M, Mereu A, Cinelli G, Marchetto C, Pasqualetti P, et al. Restrictive eating disorders in children and adolescents: a comparison between clinical and psychopathological profiles. Eat Weight Disord-Stud Anorex Bulim Obes. 2021;26:1491–501.
Cañas L, Palma C, Molano AM, Domene L, Carulla-Roig M, Cecilia-Costa R, et al. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: Psychopathological similarities and differences in comparison to anorexia nervosa and the general population. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2021;29(2):245–56.
Kambanis PE, Harshman SG, Kuhnle MC, Kahn DL, Dreier MJ, Hauser K, et al. Differential comorbidity profiles in avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and anorexia nervosa: Does age play a role? Int J Eat Disord. 2022;55(10):1397–403.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Robison M, Rogers ML, Robertson L, Duffy ME, Manwaring J, Riddle M, et al. Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder and suicidal ideation. Psychiatry Res. 2022;317:114925.
Denning DM, Perry TR, Reilly EE, Berner LA, Velkoff EA, Kaye WH, et al. Associations of suicide risk with emotional reactivity, dysregulation, and eating disorder treatment outcomes. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2022;52(6):1126–39.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Thomas JJ, Lawson EA, Micali N, Misra M, Deckersbach T, Eddy KT. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: a three-dimensional model of neurobiology with implications for etiology and treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19:1–9.
Zickgraf HF. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in adults: descriptive psychopathology and measure development. University of Pennsylvania; 2018.
Nitsch A, Watters A, Manwaring J, Bauschka M, Hebert M, Mehler PS. Clinical features of adult patients with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder presenting for medical stabilization: a descriptive study. Int J Eat Disord. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23897.
Duncombe Lowe K, Barnes TL, Martell C, Keery H, Eckhardt S, Peterson CB, et al. Youth with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: examining differences by age, weight status, and symptom duration. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1955.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2023. https://www.R-project.org/
Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Balantekin KN, Graham AK, Smolar L, Park D, Mysko C, et al. Results of disseminating an online screen for eating disorders across the US: reach, respondent characteristics, and unmet treatment need. Int J Eat Disord. 2019;52(6):721–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
National Eating Disorders Association. National eating disorders association screening tool. Available from: https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/screening-tool
Graham AK, Trockel M, Weisman H, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Balantekin KN, Wilfley DE, et al. A screening tool for detecting eating disorder risk and diagnostic symptoms among college-age women. J Am Coll Health. 2019;67(4):357–66.
Na PJ, Yaramala SR, Kim JA, Kim H, Goes FS, Zandi PP, et al. The PHQ-9 Item 9 based screening for suicide risk: a validation study of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ)- 9 Item 9 with the Columbia suicide severity rating scale (C-SSRS). J Affect Disord. 2018;232:34–40.
Killen JD, Taylor CB, Hayward C, Wilson DM, Haydel KF, Hammer LD, et al. Pursuit of thinness and onset of eating disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescent girls: a three-year prospective analysis. Int J Eat Disord. 1994;16(3):227–38.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gorrell S, Le Grange D, Blalock DV, Mehler PS, Johnson C, Manwaring J, et al. Gender identity, race/ethnicity and eating pathology in a treatment-seeking community sample. J Behav Cogn Ther. 2021;31(1):77–89.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zickgraf HF, Ellis JM. Initial validation of the nine item avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder screen (NIAS): a measure of three restrictive eating patterns. Appetite. 2018;1(123):32–42.
Burton Murray H, Dreier MJ, Zickgraf HF, Becker KR, Breithaupt L, Eddy KT, et al. Validation of the nine item ARFID screen (NIAS) subscales for distinguishing ARFID presentations and screening for ARFID. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(10):1782–92.
Keery H, LeMay-Russell S, Barnes TL, Eckhardt S, Peterson CB, Lesser J, et al. Attributes of children and adolescents with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. J Eat Disord. 2019;7:1–9.
Wang SB, Mancuso CJ, Jo J, Keshishian AC, Becker KR, Plessow F, et al. Restrictive eating, but not binge eating or purging, predicts suicidal ideation in adolescents and young adults with low-weight eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(3):472–7.
Duffy ME, Rogers ML, Joiner TE. Body trust as a moderator of the association between exercise dependence and suicidality. Compr Psychiatry. 2018;85:30–5.
Burton Murray H, Riddle M, Rao F, McCann B, Staller K, Heitkemper M, et al. Eating disorder symptoms, including avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022;34(8):e14258.
Murray HB, Bailey AP, Keshishian AC, Silvernale CJ, Staller K, Eddy KT, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in adult neurogastroenterology patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(9):1995–2002.
Murray HB, Doerfler B, Harer KN, Keefer L. Psychological considerations in the dietary management of patients with DGBI. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(6):985.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nitsch A, Knopf E, Manwaring J, Mehler PS. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): its medical complications and their treatment—an emerging area. Curr Pediatr Rep. 2021;9:21–9.
Zickgraf HF, Lane-Loney S, Essayli JH, Ornstein RM. Further support for diagnostically meaningful ARFID symptom presentations in an adolescent medicine partial hospitalization program. Int J Eat Disord. 2019;52(4):402–9.
Comments (0)